爬虫必备—requests
Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。
1. GET请求
1 # 1、无参数实例 2 3 import requests 4 5 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') 6 7 print(ret.url) 8 print(ret.text) 9 10 11 12 # 2、有参数实例 13 14 import requests 15 16 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} 17 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload) 18 19 print(ret.url) 20 print(ret.text)
2. POST请求
1 # 1、基本POST实例 2 3 import requests 4 5 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} 6 ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload) 7 8 print(ret.text) 9 10 11 # 2、发送请求头和数据实例 12 13 import requests 14 import json 15 16 url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint' 17 payload = {'some': 'data'} 18 headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} 19 20 ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers) 21 22 print(ret.text) 23 print(ret.cookies)
3. 其它请求
1 requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs) 2 requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs) 3 requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs) 4 requests.head(url, **kwargs) 5 requests.delete(url, **kwargs) 6 requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs) 7 requests.options(url, **kwargs) 8 9 # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建 10 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
4. 请求参数
1 def request(method, url, **kwargs): 2 """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`. 3 4 :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. 5 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. 6 :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. 7 :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. 8 :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. 9 :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. 10 :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. 11 :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload. 12 ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')`` 13 or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string 14 defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers 15 to add for the file. 16 :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. 17 :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data 18 before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read 19 timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. 20 :type timeout: float or tuple 21 :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed. 22 :type allow_redirects: bool 23 :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. 24 :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``. 25 :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. 26 :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. 27 :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object 28 :rtype: requests.Response 29 30 Usage:: 31 32 >>> import requests 33 >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get') 34 <Response [200]> 35 """
5. 参数示例
1 def param_method_url(): 2 # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/') 3 # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/') 4 pass 5 6 7 def param_param(): 8 # - 可以是字典 9 # - 可以是字符串 10 # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内） 11 12 # requests.request(method='get', 13 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 14 # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) 15 16 # requests.request(method='get', 17 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 18 # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3") 19 20 # requests.request(method='get', 21 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 22 # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8')) 23 24 # 错误 25 # requests.request(method='get', 26 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 27 # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8')) 28 pass 29 30 31 def param_data(): 32 # 可以是字典 33 # 可以是字符串 34 # 可以是字节 35 # 可以是文件对象 36 37 # requests.request(method='POST', 38 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 39 # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) 40 41 # requests.request(method='POST', 42 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 43 # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4" 44 # ) 45 46 # requests.request(method='POST', 47 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 48 # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4", 49 # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} 50 # ) 51 52 # requests.request(method='POST', 53 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 54 # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4 55 # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} 56 # ) 57 pass 58 59 60 def param_json(): 61 # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...) 62 # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} 63 requests.request(method='POST', 64 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 65 json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) 66 67 68 def param_headers(): 69 # 发送请求头到服务器端 70 requests.request(method='POST', 71 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 72 json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}, 73 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} 74 ) 75 76 77 def param_cookies(): 78 # 发送Cookie到服务器端 79 requests.request(method='POST', 80 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 81 data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, 82 cookies={'cook1': 'value1'}, 83 ) 84 # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装） 85 from http.cookiejar import CookieJar 86 from http.cookiejar import Cookie 87 88 obj = CookieJar() 89 obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None, 90 discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False, 91 port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False) 92 ) 93 requests.request(method='POST', 94 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 95 data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, 96 cookies=obj) 97 98 99 def param_files(): 100 # 发送文件 101 # file_dict = { 102 # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb') 103 # } 104 # requests.request(method='POST', 105 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 106 # files=file_dict) 107 108 # 发送文件，定制文件名 109 # file_dict = { 110 # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb')) 111 # } 112 # requests.request(method='POST', 113 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 114 # files=file_dict) 115 116 # 发送文件，定制文件名 117 # file_dict = { 118 # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf") 119 # } 120 # requests.request(method='POST', 121 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 122 # files=file_dict) 123 124 # 发送文件，定制文件名 125 # file_dict = { 126 # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'}) 127 # } 128 # requests.request(method='POST', 129 # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 130 # files=file_dict) 131 132 pass 133 134 135 def param_auth(): 136 from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth 137 138 ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf')) 139 print(ret.text) 140 141 # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1', 142 # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin')) 143 # ret.encoding = 'gbk' 144 # print(ret.text) 145 146 # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')) 147 # print(ret) 148 # 149 150 151 def param_timeout(): 152 # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1) 153 # print(ret) 154 155 # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1)) 156 # print(ret) 157 pass 158 159 160 def param_allow_redirects(): 161 ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False) 162 print(ret.text) 163 164 165 def param_proxies(): 166 # proxies = { 167 # "http": "61.172.249.96:80", 168 # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128", 169 # } 170 171 # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'} 172 173 # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies) 174 # print(ret.headers) 175 176 177 # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth 178 # 179 # proxyDict = { 180 # 'http': '77.75.105.165', 181 # 'https': '77.75.105.165' 182 # } 183 # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword') 184 # 185 # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth) 186 # print(r.text) 187 188 pass 189 190 191 def param_stream(): 192 ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True) 193 print(ret.content) 194 ret.close() 195 196 # from contextlib import closing 197 # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r: 198 # # 在此处理响应。 199 # for i in r.iter_content(): 200 # print(i) 201 202 203 def requests_session(): 204 import requests 205 206 session = requests.Session() 207 208 ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie 209 210 i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") 211 212 ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权 213 i2 = session.post( 214 url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", 215 data={ 216 'phone': "8615131255089", 217 'password': "xxxxxx", 218 'oneMonth': "" 219 } 220 ) 221 222 i3 = session.post( 223 url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623", 224 ) 225 print(i3.text)
6. requests模拟登陆GitHub
1 import requests 2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 3 4 5 def login_github(): 6 """ 7 通过requests模块模拟浏览器登陆GitHub 8 :return: 9 """ 10 # 获取csrf_token 11 r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login') # 获得get请求的对象 12 s1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text, 'html.parser') # 使用bs4解析HTML对象 13 token = s1.find('input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value') # 获取登陆授权码，即csrf_token 14 get_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict() # 获取get请求的cookies，post请求时必须携带 15 16 # 发送post登陆请求 17 ''' 18 post登陆参数 19 commit Sign+in 20 utf8 ✓ 21 authenticity_token E961jQMIyC9NPwL54YPj70gv2hbXWJ…fTUd+e4lT5RAizKbfzQo4eRHsfg== 22 login JackUpDown（用户名） 23 password **********（密码） 24 ''' 25 r2 = requests.post( 26 'https://github.com/session', 27 data={ 28 'commit': 'Sign+in', 29 'utf8': '✓', 30 'authenticity_token': token, 31 'login': 'JackUpDown', 32 'password': '**********' 33 }, 34 cookies=get_cookies # 携带get请求的cookies 35 ) 36 login_cookies = r2.cookies.get_dict() # 获得登陆成功的cookies，携带此cookies就可以访问任意GitHub页面 37 38 # 携带post cookies跳转任意页面 39 r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookies) 40 print(r3.text)
转载自：
