Spring入门学习笔记(4)——JDBC的使用
Spring JDBC框架概览
使用传统的JDBC连接数据库,需要编写不必要的代码来处理异常、打开和关闭数据库连接等变得非常麻烦。然而,Spring JDBC Framework从打开连接、准备和执行SQL语句、处理异常、处理事务以及最后关闭连接开始,负责所有低级别的细节。
因此,您需要做的就是定义连接参数并指定要执行的SQL语句,并在从数据库获取数据的同时为每个迭代执行所需的工作。
Spring JDBC提供了几种方法和相应不同的类来与数据库进行接口。我将采用经典且最流行的方法来使用框架的JdbcTemplate类。这是管理所有数据库通信和异常处理的中心框架类。
JdbcTemplate类
JDBC模板类执行SQL查询、更新语句、存储过程调用、对结果集执行迭代,并提取返回的参数值。它还捕获JDBC异常,并将其转换为org.springframework.dao中定义的通用的、信息更丰富的包。
一旦配置好,JdbcTemplate类的实例就是线程安全的。因此,您可以配置JdbcTemplate的一个实例,然后将这个共享引用安全地注入多个DAOs。
在使用JDBC模板类时,一个常见的做法是在Spring配置文件中配置一个数据源,然后将这个共享数据源bean注入到DAO类中,然后在数据源的setter中创建JdbcTemplate。
配置数据源
让我们在数据库测试中创建一个数据库表Student。我们假设您正在使用MySQL数据库,如果您使用任何其他数据库,那么您可以相应地更改DDL和SQL查询。
CREATE TABLE Student(
ID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
现在需要为JDBC模板提供一个DataSource,以便它可以进行配置获取数据库权限:
<bean id = "dataSource"
class = "org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name = "driverClassName" value = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name = "url" value = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/TEST"/>
<property name = "username" value = "root"/>
<property name = "password" value = "password"/>
</bean>
数据访问对象(Data Access Object,DAO)
DAO表示数据访问对象,通常用于数据库交互。DAOs的存在是为了提供一种向数据库读写数据的方法,它们应该通过应用程序的其他部分访问它们的接口来公开此功能。
Spring中的DAO支持使得以一致的方式使用JDBC、Hibernate、JPA或JDO等数据访问技术变得很容易。
执行SQL命令
让我们看看如何使用SQL和JDBCTemplate对象对数据库表执行CRUD(创建、读取、更新和删除)操作。
org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate是JDBC核心包中的中心类。它简化了JDBC的使用,有助于避免常见错误。它执行核心JDBC工作流,让应用程序代码提供SQL并提取结果。这个类执行SQL查询或更新,在resultset上发起迭代,捕获JDBC异常,并将它们转换为org.springframework.dao中定义的更通用的、更有用的异常。
注:JdbcTemplate是线程安全的,关于线程安全,将会在后续的文章中加以介绍。
下面介绍使用到的方法,完整信息见Spring JdbcTemplate API Reference
Example
以下项目我使用Maven进行构建,创建Maven项目,更新pom.xml文件为以下内容
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>top.ninwoo.spring</groupId>
<artifactId>build-demo</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<dependencies>
<!-- Spring依赖 -->
<!-- 1.Spring核心依赖 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
<version>4.1.7.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
<version>4.1.7.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>4.1.7.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 2.Spring dao依赖 -->
<!-- spring-jdbc包括了一些如jdbcTemplate的工具类 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>
<version>4.1.7.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>
<version>4.1.7.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 3.Spring web依赖 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
<version>4.1.7.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>4.1.7.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 4.Spring test依赖:方便做单元测试和集成测试 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/mysql/mysql-connector-java -->
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<version>6.0.6</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
- StudentDAO.java : 定义Student数据接口
public interface StudentDAO {
/**
* This is the method to be used to initialize
* database resources ie. connection.
*/
public void setDataSource(DataSource ds);
/**
* This is the method to be used to create
* a record in the Student table.
*/
public void create(String name, Integer age);
/**
* This is the method to be used to list down
* a record from the Student table corresponding
* to a passed student id.
*/
public Student getStudent(Integer id);
/**
* This is the method to be used to list down
* all the records from the Student table.
*/
public List<Student> listStudents();
/**
* This is the method to be used to delete
* a record from the Student table corresponding
* to a passed student id.
*/
public void delete(Integer id);
/**
* This is the method to be used to update
* a record into the Student table.
*/
public void update(Integer id, Integer age);
}
- Student.java : Student类
public class Student {
private Integer age;
private String name;
private Integer id;
public void setAge(Integer age) {
this.age = age;
}
public Integer getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
}
- StudentMapper.java : 将数据库条目映射到Student对象,关于RowMapper接口的介绍将在文末进行补充。
public class StudentMapper implements RowMapper<Student> {
public Student mapRow(ResultSet rs, int rowNum) throws SQLException {
Student student = new Student();
student.setId(rs.getInt("id"));
student.setName(rs.getString("name"));
student.setAge(rs.getInt("age"));
return student;
}
}
这是一个函数接口,因此可以用作lambda表达式或方法引用的赋值目标。
RowMapper必须实现mapRow方法来映射ResultSet中的每一行数据。这个方法不应该调用ResultSet上的next();它只应该映射当前行的值。
@Nullable
T mapRow(java.sql.ResultSet rs,
int rowNum)
throws java.sql.SQLException
Parameters:
rs - the ResultSet to map (pre-initialized for the current row)
rowNum - the number of the current row
Returns:
the result object for the current row (may be null)
Throws:
java.sql.SQLException - if a SQLException is encountered getting column values (that is, there's no need to catch SQLException)
- StudentJDBCTemplate.java : Student数据接口的具体实现
public class StudentJDBCTemplate implements StudentDAO {
private DataSource dataSource;
private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplateObject;
public void setDataSource(DataSource dataSource) {
this.dataSource = dataSource;
this.jdbcTemplateObject = new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
}
public void create(String name, Integer age) {
String SQL = "insert into Student (name, age) values (?, ?)";
jdbcTemplateObject.update( SQL, name, age);
System.out.println("Created Record Name = " + name + " Age = " + age);
return;
}
public Student getStudent(Integer id) {
String SQL = "select * from Student where id = ?";
Student student = jdbcTemplateObject.queryForObject(SQL,
new Object[]{id}, new StudentMapper());
return student;
}
public List<Student> listStudents() {
String SQL = "select * from Student";
List <Student> students = jdbcTemplateObject.query(SQL, new StudentMapper());
return students;
}
public void delete(Integer id) {
String SQL = "delete from Student where id = ?";
jdbcTemplateObject.update(SQL, id);
System.out.println("Deleted Record with ID = " + id );
return;
}
public void update(Integer id, Integer age){
String SQL = "update Student set age = ? where id = ?";
jdbcTemplateObject.update(SQL, age, id);
System.out.println("Updated Record with ID = " + id );
return;
}
}
构造函数:
- JdbcTemplate()
- JdbcTemplate(javax.sql.DataSource dataSource)
update:
public int update(java.lang.String sql,
@Nullable
java.lang.Object... args)
throws DataAccessException
queryForObject
<T> T queryForObject(java.lang.String sql,
java.lang.Object[] args,
RowMapper<T> rowMapper)
throws DataAccessException
- MainApp.java : 主函数
import java.util.List;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import com.tutorialspoint.StudentJDBCTemplate;
public class MainApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("Beans.xml");
StudentJDBCTemplate studentJDBCTemplate =
(StudentJDBCTemplate)context.getBean("studentJDBCTemplate");
System.out.println("------Records Creation--------" );
studentJDBCTemplate.create("Zara", 11);
studentJDBCTemplate.create("Nuha", 2);
studentJDBCTemplate.create("Ayan", 15);
System.out.println("------Listing Multiple Records--------" );
List<Student> students = studentJDBCTemplate.listStudents();
for (Student record : students) {
System.out.print("ID : " + record.getId() );
System.out.print(", Name : " + record.getName() );
System.out.println(", Age : " + record.getAge());
}
System.out.println("----Updating Record with ID = 2 -----" );
studentJDBCTemplate.update(2, 20);
System.out.println("----Listing Record with ID = 2 -----" );
Student student = studentJDBCTemplate.getStudent(2);
System.out.print("ID : " + student.getId() );
System.out.print(", Name : " + student.getName() );
System.out.println(", Age : " + student.getAge());
}
}
- Beans.xml
<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd ">
<!-- Initialization for data source -->
<bean id="dataSource"
class = "org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name = "driverClassName" value = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name = "url" value = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/TEST"/>
<property name = "username" value = "root"/>
<property name = "password" value = "password"/>
</bean>
<!-- Definition for studentJDBCTemplate bean -->
<bean id = "studentJDBCTemplate"
class = "com.tutorialspoint.StudentJDBCTemplate">
<property name = "dataSource" ref = "dataSource" />
</bean>
</beans>
- 输出
------Records Creation--------
Created Record Name = Zara Age = 11
Created Record Name = Nuha Age = 2
Created Record Name = Ayan Age = 15
------Listing Multiple Records--------
ID : 1, Name : Zara, Age : 11
ID : 2, Name : Nuha, Age : 2
ID : 3, Name : Ayan, Age : 15
----Updating Record with ID = 2 -----
Updated Record with ID = 2
----Listing Record with ID = 2 -----
ID : 2, Name : Nuha, Age : 20