Python面向对象编程-学习笔记(二)
5.类的继承
class Employee: raise_amount =1.04 def __init__(self, first, last, pay): self.first = first self.last = last self.pay= pay self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com' class Developer(Employee): raise_amount=1.05
def __init__(self,first,last,pay,language):
super().__init__(first,last,pay)# 沿用父类的初始化方法
self.language=language #新增的初始化方法 print(help(Developer)) #打印本类的属性,包括 继承顺序、类中的属性和方法等
#如果没有自身的init方法,则实例化时会调用“距离”最近的父类的构造方法
dev_1=Developer('Corey','Schafer',50000,'Java')
dev_1=Developer('Oraly','Delphy',50000,'Python')
class manager(Employee):
def __init__(self,first,last,pay,employees=None):
super().__init__(first,last,pay)
if employees is None:
self.employees=[]
else:
self.employees=employees
def add_emp(self,emp):
if emp not in self.employees:
self.employees.append(emp)
def remove_emp(self,emp):
if emp in self.employees:
self.employees.remove(emp)
def print_emps(self):
for emp in self.employees:
print('-->',emp.GetFullName())
mgr_1=Manager('Whill','Smith',80000,[dev_1])
print(mgr_1.email)
mgr_1.add_emp(dev_2)
print(mgr_1.print_emps())
mgr_1.remove(dev_1)
print(mgr_1.print_emps())
print(isinstance(mgr_1,Manager)) # True 判断对象是否为特定类的实例
print(isinstance(mgr_1,Employee)) # True
print(isinstance(mgr_1,Developer)) # False
print(issubclass(Manager,Employee)) # True 判断第一个参数类是否为第二个类的子类
6.特殊(Magic/Dunder)方法
class Employee: raise_amount =1.04 def __init__(self, first, last, pay): self.first = first self.last = last self.pay= pay self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com' def fullname(self): return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last) def apply_raise(self): self.pay = int(self.pay * Employee.raise_amount)
def __repr__(self):
#对象的明确表示,用于调试和日志记录,显示需要被开发人员看到的内容
return "Employee('{}','{}',{})".format(self.first,self.last,self.pay)
def __str__(self):
#对象的可读表示,用于想最终用户显示内容
return '{}-{}'.format(self.fullname(),self.email)
emp_1=Employee('Corey','Schafer', 50000)
print(emp_1) #此时将显示emp_1.__repr__()方法的结果,虽然没有直接调用:
#Employee('Corey','Schafer',50000)
#也可以通过
#print(repr(emp_1))
#print(emp_1.__repr__())
#直接访问调用
print(1+2) #完全等于 print(int.__add__(1,2))
print('a'+'b') #完全等于print(str.__add__('a','b')
自定义类的加法
class Employee: raise_amount =1.04 def __init__(self, first, last, pay): self.first = first self.last = last self.pay= pay self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com' def fullname(self): return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last) def apply_raise(self): self.pay = int(self.pay * Employee.raise_amount)
def __add__(self,other): #注意:other是关键字
return self.pay+other.pay
def __len__(self):
return len(self.fullname())
emp_1= Employee('Corey','Schafer', 50000) emp_2= Employee('Test','User', 60000)
print(emp_1,emp_2) #结果:110000
print(len(emp_1)) #结果:13,也就是'Corey Schafer'的长度
return NotImplemented 未实现
7.属性装饰器(Setters,Getters,Deleters)
class Employee:
def __init__(self, first, last, pay):
self.first = first
self.last = last
self.pay= pay
self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'
def fullname(self):
return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)
emp_1=Employee('John','Smith')
emp_1.first='Jim'
print(emp_1.first) #Jim
print(emp_1.email) #John.Smith@company.com 由于email属性是在初始化方法中确定的,因此email属性并未更改导致数据错误
print(emp_1.fullname()) #Jim Smith
一种解决办法:增加email()方法
def email(self):
return '{}.{}@company.com'.format(self.first,self.last)
但该方法需要把
print(emp_1.email)
改为
print(emp_1.email())
另一种装饰器方法
@property #允许程序像属性一样访问方法
def email(self):
return '{}.{}@company.com'.format(self.first,self.last)
部分方法被设置成property后,只能获取该方法属性,无法设置方法属性,此时要用到setter
@property def fullname(self): return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last) @fullname.setter def fullname(self,name): first,last=name.split(' ') self.first=first self.last=last
@fullname.deleter #删除器,属性被删除时会执行其包含的代码
def fullname(self):
print('Delete Name')
self.first=None
self.last=None
emp_1.fullname='Jim Smith' #此时,该赋值语句不再报错
del emp_1.fullname #如果没有删除器,此代码无法运行