部署基于python的web发布环境（第二篇）：环境部署3：centos7.5安装python，安装使用virtualenv
一、下载python
[root@web src]# pwd /usr/src [root@web src]# wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.1/Python-3.7.1.tar.xz
二、安装依赖
[root@web src]# yum -y install gcc-* openssl-* sqlite-devel libffi-devel
三、开始安装
[root@web src]# pwd /usr/src [root@web src]# ls cmake-3.6.0-rc1 kernels nginx-1.15.5 debug mysql-5.7.29 Python-3.7.1.tar.xz [root@web src]# tar xf Python-3.7.1.tar.xz #开始配置 [root@web src]# cd Python-3.7.1 [root@web Python-3.7.1]# ls aclocal.m4 Doc m4 Parser README.rst CODE_OF_CONDUCT.rst Grammar Mac PC setup.py config.guess Include Makefile.pre.in PCbuild Tools config.sub install-sh Misc Programs configure Lib Modules pyconfig.h.in configure.ac LICENSE Objects Python [root@web Python-3.7.1]# ./configure --enable-optimizations --with-openssl=/usr/bin/openssl #开始编译 [root@web Python-3.7.1]# make ... eld-initializers -Werror=implicit-function-declaration -fprofile-use -fprofile-correction -I. -I./Include -DPy_BUILD_CORE -o Programs/_testembed.o ./Programs/_testembed.c gcc -pthread -Xlinker -export-dynamic -o Programs/_testembed Programs/_testembed.o libpython3.7m.a -lpthread -ldl -lutil -lm make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/Python-3.7.1' #安装 [root@web Python-3.7.1]# make install ... Looking in links: /tmp/tmp__poor6k Collecting setuptools Collecting pip Installing collected packages: setuptools, pip Successfully installed pip-10.0.1 setuptools-39.0.1 [root@web Python-3.7.1]#
四、安装测试
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# python3 Python 3.7.1 (default, Feb 15 2020, 22:02:16) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-39)] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>>
五、安装\卸载第三方包
#升级pip工具
pip 是 Python 包管理工具，该工具提供了对Python 包的查找、下 载、安装、卸载的功能。
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pip3 install --upgrade pip
pip is configured with locations that require TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not available.
Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.")': /simple/pip/
Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.")': /simple/pip/
出现ssl错误，修改解压出来的源码包中的Modules/Setup文件，取消其中的四行注释
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pwd
/usr/src/Python-3.7.1
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# vi Modules/Setup
# Socket module helper for SSL support; you must comment out the other
# socket line above, and possibly edit the SSL variable:
#SSL=/usr/local/ssl
#_ssl _ssl.c \
# -DUSE_SSL -I$(SSL)/include -I$(SSL)/include/openssl \
# -L$(SSL)/lib -lssl -lcrypto
去掉上面四行的注释
即
SSL=/usr/local/ssl
_ssl _ssl.c \
-DUSE_SSL -I$(SSL)/include -I$(SSL)/include/openssl \
-L$(SSL)/lib -lssl -lcrypto
然后再次执行make make install
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pwd /usr/src/Python-3.7.1 [root@web Python-3.7.1]# make ... [root@web Python-3.7.1]# make install
升级pip
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pip3 install --upgrade pip
Collecting pip
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/54/0c/d01aa759fdc501a58f431eb594a17495f15b88da142ce14b5845662c13f3/pip-20.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.4MB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.4MB 125kB/s
Installing collected packages: pip
Found existing installation: pip 10.0.1
Uninstalling pip-10.0.1:
Successfully uninstalled pip-10.0.1
Successfully installed pip-20.0.2
[root@web Python-3.7.1]#
使用pip安装、卸载ipython
#安装
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pip3 install ipython
Collecting ipython
Downloading ipython-7.12.0-py3-none-any.whl (777 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 777 kB 179 kB/s
Collecting decorator
Downloading decorator-4.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (9.2 kB)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools>=18.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from ipython) (39.0.1)
Collecting jedi>=0.10
Downloading jedi-0.16.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.1 MB)
|████████████████████████████████| 1.1 MB 242 kB/s
Collecting pexpect; sys_platform != "win32"
Downloading pexpect-4.8.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (59 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 59 kB 231 kB/s
Collecting pygments
Downloading Pygments-2.5.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (896 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 896 kB 133 kB/s
Collecting pickleshare
Downloading pickleshare-0.7.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl (6.9 kB)
Collecting backcall
Downloading backcall-0.1.0.tar.gz (9.7 kB)
Collecting prompt-toolkit!=3.0.0,!=3.0.1,<3.1.0,>=2.0.0
Downloading prompt_toolkit-3.0.3-py3-none-any.whl (348 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 348 kB 126 kB/s
Collecting traitlets>=4.2
Downloading traitlets-4.3.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl (75 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 75 kB 206 kB/s
Collecting parso>=0.5.2
Downloading parso-0.6.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (97 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 97 kB 234 kB/s
Collecting ptyprocess>=0.5
Downloading ptyprocess-0.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (39 kB)
Collecting wcwidth
Downloading wcwidth-0.1.8-py2.py3-none-any.whl (17 kB)
Collecting six
Downloading six-1.14.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (10 kB)
Collecting ipython-genutils
Downloading ipython_genutils-0.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (26 kB)
Installing collected packages: decorator, parso, jedi, ptyprocess, pexpect, pygments, pickleshare, backcall, wcwidth, prompt-toolkit, six, ipython-genutils, traitlets, ipython
Running setup.py install for backcall ... done
Successfully installed backcall-0.1.0 decorator-4.4.1 ipython-7.12.0 ipython-genutils-0.2.0 jedi-0.16.0 parso-0.6.1 pexpect-4.8.0 pickleshare-0.7.5 prompt-toolkit-3.0.3 ptyprocess-0.6.0 pygments-2.5.2 six-1.14.0 traitlets-4.3.3 wcwidth-0.1.8
#使用
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# ipython
Python 3.7.1 (default, Feb 15 2020, 22:39:51)
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 7.12.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
In [1]: print('hello world')
hello world
In [2]: exit()
#卸载
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pip3 uninstall ipython
Found existing installation: ipython 7.12.0
Uninstalling ipython-7.12.0:
Would remove:
/usr/local/bin/iptest
/usr/local/bin/iptest3
/usr/local/bin/ipython
/usr/local/bin/ipython3
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/*
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipython-7.12.0.dist-info/*
/usr/local/share/man/man1/ipython.1.gz
Proceed (y/n)? y
Successfully uninstalled ipython-7.12.0
[root@web Python-3.7.1]#
六、安装、使用虚拟环境
virtualenv 是一个创建隔绝的Python环境的工具。virtualenv创建一个包含所有必要 的可执行文件的文件夹，用来使用Python工程所需的包。
pip3 install virtualenv
出现错误
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pip3 install virtualenv
Collecting virtualenv
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'NewConnectionError('<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7efd6303eba8>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -2] Name or service not known')': /packages/a3/dd/e43866ac0d25cd1ecbde0814f6cd7372ea257fbdf443dc9f0a01740da93d/virtualenv-20.0.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'NewConnectionError('<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7efd6303e438>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -2] Name or service not known')': /packages/a3/dd/e43866ac0d25cd1ecbde0814f6cd7372ea257fbdf443dc9f0a01740da93d/virtualenv-20.0.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'NewConnectionError('<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7efd6303ec18>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -2] Name or service not known')': /packages/a3/dd/e43866ac0d25cd1ecbde0814f6cd7372ea257fbdf443dc9f0a01740da93d/virtualenv-20.0.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'NewConnectionError('<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7efd6303ed68>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -2] Name or service not known')': /packages/a3/dd/e43866ac0d25cd1ecbde0814f6cd7372ea257fbdf443dc9f0a01740da93d/virtualenv-20.0.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'NewConnectionError('<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7efd6303edd8>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -2] Name or service not known')': /packages/a3/dd/e43866ac0d25cd1ecbde0814f6cd7372ea257fbdf443dc9f0a01740da93d/virtualenv-20.0.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl
ERROR: Could not install packages due to an EnvironmentError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /packages/a3/dd/e43866ac0d25cd1ecbde0814f6cd7372ea257fbdf443dc9f0a01740da93d/virtualenv-20.0.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (Caused by NewConnectionError('<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7efd6303ed30>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -2] Name or service not known'))
[root@web Python-3.7.1]#
解决方式换pip源，
临时使用豆瓣的源
pip3 install virtualenv -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
永久修改
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pip3 config set global.index-url https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
安装成功
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pip3 install virtualenv -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
Collecting virtualenv
Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/a3/dd/e43866ac0d25cd1ecbde0814f6cd7372ea257fbdf443dc9f0a01740da93d/virtualenv-20.0.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (4.6 MB)
|████████████████████████████████| 4.6 MB 426 kB/s
Collecting importlib-metadata<2,>=0.12; python_version < "3.8"
Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/8b/03/a00d504808808912751e64ccf414be53c29cad620e3de2421135fcae3025/importlib_metadata-1.5.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (30 kB)
Collecting distlib<1,>=0.3.0
Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/7d/29/694a3a4d7c0e1aef76092e9167fbe372e0f7da055f5dcf4e1313ec21d96a/distlib-0.3.0.zip (571 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 571 kB 1.1 MB/s
Collecting filelock<4,>=3.0.0
Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/93/83/71a2ee6158bb9f39a90c0dea1637f81d5eef866e188e1971a1b1ab01a35a/filelock-3.0.12-py3-none-any.whl (7.6 kB)
Requirement already satisfied: six<2,>=1.9.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from virtualenv) (1.14.0)
Collecting appdirs<2,>=1.4.3
Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/56/eb/810e700ed1349edde4cbdc1b2a21e28cdf115f9faf263f6bbf8447c1abf3/appdirs-1.4.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl (12 kB)
Collecting zipp>=0.5
Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/46/42/f2dd964b2a6b1921b08d661138148c1bcd3f038462a44019416f2342b618/zipp-2.2.0-py36-none-any.whl (4.6 kB)
Installing collected packages: zipp, importlib-metadata, distlib, filelock, appdirs, virtualenv
Running setup.py install for distlib ... done
Successfully installed appdirs-1.4.3 distlib-0.3.0 filelock-3.0.12 importlib-metadata-1.5.0 virtualenv-20.0.4 zipp-2.2.0
[root@web Python-3.7.1]#
使用虚拟环境
使用python3，创建一个叫web的虚拟环境
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# virtualenv -p python3 web created virtual environment in 338ms CPython3Posix(dest=/usr/src/Python-3.7.1/web, clear=False, global=False) with seeder FromAppData pip=latest setuptools=latest wheel=latest app_data_dir=/root/.local/share/virtualenv/seed-v1 via=copy [root@web Python-3.7.1]# [root@web Python-3.7.1]# ls aclocal.m4 Include Modules Python build install-sh Objects python-config CODE_OF_CONDUCT.rst Lib Parser python-config.py config.guess libpython3.7m.a PC python-gdb.py config.log LICENSE PCbuild README.rst config.status m4 profile-run-stamp setup.py config.sub Mac Programs Tools configure Makefile pybuilddir.txt web configure.ac Makefile.pre pyconfig.h Doc Makefile.pre.in pyconfig.h.in Grammar Misc python [root@web Python-3.7.1]# #可以看到目录中多了一个web文件夹
使虚拟环境生效，在此环境中装django
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# pwd
/usr/src/Python-3.7.1
[root@web Python-3.7.1]# source web/bin/activate
(web) [root@web Python-3.7.1]# pip3 install django==2.1.8
Looking in indexes: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
Collecting django==2.1.8
Downloading https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/a9/e4/fb8f473fe8ee659859cb712e25222243bbd55ece7c319301eeb60ccddc46/Django-2.1.8-py3-none-any.whl (7.3 MB)
|████████████████████████████████| 7.3 MB 282 kB/s
Requirement already satisfied: pytz in /usr/src/Python-3.7.1/web/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from django==2.1.8) (2019.3)
Installing collected packages: django
Successfully installed django-2.1.8
(web) [root@web Python-3.7.1]#
使用django创建项目myweb
(web) [root@web Python-3.7.1]# ls aclocal.m4 Include Modules Python build install-sh Objects python-config CODE_OF_CONDUCT.rst Lib Parser python-config.py config.guess libpython3.7m.a PC python-gdb.py config.log LICENSE PCbuild README.rst config.status m4 profile-run-stamp setup.py config.sub Mac Programs Tools configure Makefile pybuilddir.txt web configure.ac Makefile.pre pyconfig.h Doc Makefile.pre.in pyconfig.h.in Grammar Misc python (web) [root@web Python-3.7.1]# django-admin.py
创建django项目
(web) [root@web Python-3.7.1]# django-admin.py startproject myweb #增加了文件夹myweb (web) [root@web Python-3.7.1]# ls aclocal.m4 Include Modules python build install-sh myweb Python CODE_OF_CONDUCT.rst Lib Objects python-config config.guess libpython3.7m.a Parser python-config.py config.log LICENSE PC python-gdb.py config.status m4 PCbuild README.rst config.sub Mac profile-run-stamp setup.py configure Makefile Programs Tools configure.ac Makefile.pre pybuilddir.txt web Doc Makefile.pre.in pyconfig.h Grammar Misc pyconfig.h.in (web) [root@web Python-3.7.1]#
修改项目中的settings.py中的allowed_host，使得任何ip都可以访问
(web) [root@web Python-3.7.1]# pwd /usr/src/Python-3.7.1 (web) [root@web Python-3.7.1]# vi ./myweb/myweb/settings.py ... # SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production! DEBUG = True ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
启动django项目
(web) [root@web myweb]# pwd /usr/src/Python-3.7.1/myweb (web) [root@web myweb]# ls manage.py myweb (web) [root@web myweb]# python3 manage.py runserver 192.168.199.169:8000 Performing system checks... System check identified no issues (0 silenced). You have 15 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions. Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them. February 15, 2020 - 15:48:01 Django version 2.1.8, using settings 'myweb.settings' Starting development server at http://192.168.199.169:8000/ Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
可以通过访问
http://192.168.199.169:8000/
测试是否开启成功。
退出虚拟环境命令
deactivate
virtualenv使用
使用示例：建立一个叫env1的虚拟环境
mkdir ~/Envs/env1 virtualenv –p /usr/local/bin/python3
参数说明
$ virtualenv [OPTIONS] DEST_DIR 选项: –version 显示当前版本号。 -h, –help 显示帮助信息。 -v, –verbose 显示详细信息。 -q, –quiet 不显示详细信息。 -p PYTHON_EXE, –python=PYTHON_EXE 指定所用的python解析器的版本，比如 –python=python2.5 就使用2.5版本的解析器创建新的隔离环境。 默认使用的是当前系统安装(/usr/bin/python)的python解析器 –clear 清空非root用户的安装，并重头开始创建隔离环境。 –no-site-packages （20.0.0+版本之后取消改参数） 令隔离环境不能访问系统全局的site-packages目录。 –system-site-packages 令隔离环境可以访问系统全局的site-packages目录。 –unzip-setuptools 安装时解压Setuptools或Distribute –relocatable 重定位某个已存在的隔离环境。使用该选项将修正脚本并令所有.pth文件使用相当路径。 –distribute 使用Distribute代替Setuptools，也可设置环境变量VIRTUALENV_DISTRIBUTE达到同样效要。 –extra-search-dir=SEARCH_DIRS 用于查找setuptools/distribute/pip发布包的目录。可以添加任意数量的–extra-search-dir路径。 –never-download 禁止从网上下载任何数据。此时，如果在本地搜索发布包失败，virtualenv就会报错。 –prompt==PROMPT 定义隔离环境的命令行前缀。
重要说明
当前时间2020年2月，virtualenv的最新版本，以20.0.0+为例，已经取消了–-no-site-packages参数，默认直接使用–-no-site-packages模式。有另外一个参数--system-site-packages，作用是可以访问源Python解释器的库，但是要慎用。所以，这里推荐，直接使用默认模式virtualenv -p xxx destination。
posted on 2020-02-28 19:43 Nicholas-- 阅读(659) 评论(0) 编辑 收藏 举报
