1-MySQL - 多实例
about
centos7.3 + mysql5.7.20
官网下载地址:https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/community/
百度云盘:链接:https://pan.baidu.com/s/1ipuTky_oAgMzrZ-wf1GJgA 提取码:b0gu
MySQL多实例的本质
在一台机器上开启多个不同的MySQL实例,也就是各实例监听不同的端口,提供不同的服务。
多个实例公用一套MySQL安装程序,启动程序和配置文件可以是一个也可以是多个(推荐多个);各自的数据文件隔离;逻辑上各实例彼此隔离。
为什么要使用多实例?优缺点?
- 物理机性能强大,单个实例无法充分利用硬件资源
- 资源隔离,减少相互影响
- 分担连接数,MySQL随着连接数的上升,性能会下降
- 更充分的利用资源,不同业务错高峰混跑
- 有优点,也有缺点,比如多个实例会存在资源相互抢占的问题,当某个实例的并发较高或者存在慢查询时,它会消耗更多的硬件资源,这就可能影响到别的实例的性能
多实例的应用场景
- 资金比较紧张的公司
- 并发访问不大的业务
MySQL多实例常见配置方案
- (推荐)通过多个配置文件及多个启动程序来实现多实例。
- 单一配置文件方案,即一个配置文件中写多个实例的配置。
必要的准备
目录规划
/opt/software/mysql # MySQL的安装目录
/data/mysql/ # 所有的MySQL实例的数据目录、备份目录、日志目录,都在该目录下,各个实例以端口号命名
/etc/my.conf # MySQL 3306实例的默认配置文件
依赖下载
# 如果你的系统曾经安装过mariadb,请先卸载
yum remove -y mariadb*
yum install -y epel-release
yum update -y
yum install -y cmake gcc-c++ ncurses-devel perl-Data-Dumper boost-doc boost-devel libaio-devel
yum install -y net-tools tree bash-completion lrzsz
友情提示:如果是小白初次在虚拟机上搞,记得现在就拍个快照!!!!
单实例配置
注意,后续的实例都基于该实例,所以,我们的一些操作要细致。
MySQL install
[root@cs ~]# mkdir -p /opt/software && cd /opt/software
[root@cs software]# pwd
/opt/software
[root@cs software]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@cs software]# tar -xvf mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@cs software]# mv mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 mysql
[root@cs software]# rm -rf mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz && ls
mysql
添加环境变量
[root@cs software]# vim /etc/profile
export PATH=/opt/software/mysql/bin:$PATH
[root@cs software]# source /etc/profile
创建相关目录和MySQL用户
MySQL服务运行在非root用户环境,所以,我们先创建一个mysql用户,然后在创建相关的数据目录:
[root@cs software]# useradd mysql
[root@cs software]# mkdir -p /data/mysql/33{06..10}/{data,logs,backup}
[root@cs software]# mkdir -p /data/mysql/33{06..10}/logs/{errorlog,slowlog,binlog}
[root@cs software]# tree /data/mysql/
/data/mysql/
├── 3306 # 3306端口对应的MySQL数据库实例对应的相关目录
│ ├── backup # 备份用
│ ├── data # 数据目录
│ └── logs # 日志文件
│ ├── binlog # 二进制文件
│ ├── errorlog # 错误日志
│ └── slowlog # 慢日志
├── 3307
│ ├── backup
│ ├── data
│ └── logs
│ ├── binlog
│ ├── errorlog
│ └── slowlog
├── 3308
│ ├── backup
│ ├── data
│ └── logs
│ ├── binlog
│ ├── errorlog
│ └── slowlog
├── 3309
│ ├── backup
│ ├── data
│ └── logs
│ ├── binlog
│ ├── errorlog
│ └── slowlog
└── 3310
├── backup
├── data
└── logs
├── binlog
├── errorlog
└── slowlog
35 directories, 0 files
[root@cs software]# chown -R mysql:mysql /opt/software/mysql/*
[root@cs software]# chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql/*
初始化数据库
# 保证存放数据的目录是空的,避免不必要的问题
[root@cs software]# rm -rf /data/mysql/3306/data/*
[root@cs software]# mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --basedir=/opt/software/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3306/data
2021-05-09T09:41:30.343576Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2021-05-09T09:41:30.557948Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2021-05-09T09:41:30.587516Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2021-05-09T09:41:30.655073Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: bbcbb587-b0aa-11eb-a2ce-000c295ead38.
2021-05-09T09:41:30.656498Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2021-05-09T09:41:30.656990Z 1 [Warning] root@localhost is created with an empty password ! Please consider switching off the --initialize-insecure option.
一堆"Warning",不要管它。
编写配置文件
cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
user=mysql
basedir=/opt/software/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql/3306/data
log-error=/data/mysql/3306/logs/errorlog/mysql.log
server_id=6
port=3306
socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
[mysql]
socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
EOF
使用systemctl管理MySQL服务
cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
现在,你可以使用systemctl命令来管理MySQL服务了:
systemctl start/restart/stop/status/enable/disable mysqld
测试下:
[root@cs software]# find / -name mysql.sock
[root@cs software]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@cs software]# find / -name mysql.sock
/tmp/mysql.sock
[root@cs software]# netstat -lnp|grep 330
tcp6 0 0 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 8131/mysqld
启动之后,/tmp
下就有了mysql.sock
文件,后续我们可以通过这个socket文件来连接数据了。如果使用systemctl
停止数据库,这个文件也没了。
ok,单台实例创建完毕。
多实例配置
你可以根据需要酌情增加或者减少多实例的数量
必要的准备
停止单实例的运行,并且备份单实例的配置文件(防止多实例初始化时读取这个单实例配置文件),后续多实例配置完事后,再重新还原这个配置文件:
[root@cs software]# systemctl stop mysqld
[root@cs software]# mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
准备多实例的数据目录
由于多实例的数据目录已经在单实例那里创建成功了,这一步就可以略过:
每台实例以端口命名,端口名目录下存放配置文件,其中的data目录存放各自的数据。
为每个实例创建配置文件
我们将每个实例(3306的可配置也可不配置,因为它默认使用的是/etc/my.cnf)的配置文件都放在各自端口目录的下面,视情况修改下面参数,然后直接拷贝运行即可:
cat > /data/mysql/3307/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/opt/software/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql/3307/data
socket=/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/mysql/3307/logs/errorlog/mysql.log
port=3307
server_id=7
[client]
socket=/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock
EOF
cat > /data/mysql/3308/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/opt/software/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql/3308/data
socket=/data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/mysql/3308/logs/errorlog/mysql.log
port=3308
server_id=8
[client]
socket=/data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock
EOF
cat > /data/mysql/3309/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/opt/software/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql/3309/data
socket=/data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/mysql/3309/logs/errorlog/mysql.log
port=3309
server_id=9
[client]
socket=/data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock
EOF
cat > /data/mysql/3310/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/opt/software/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql/3310/data
socket=/data/mysql/3310/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/mysql/3310/logs/errorlog/mysql.log
port=3310
server_id=10
[client]
socket=/data/mysql/3310/mysql.sock
EOF
完事之后,各自的数据目录下就有了配置文件了:
[root@cs software]# ls /data/mysql/3307/
backup data logs my.cnf
[root@cs software]# cat /data/mysql/3307/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir=/opt/software/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql/3307/data
socket=/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/mysql/3307/logs/errorlog/mysql.log
port=3307
server_id=7
[client]
socket=/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock
别忘了再授权下:
[root@cs software]# chown -R mysql.mysql /data/mysql/*
现在,配置文件完事了,就可以着手进行初始化了。
多实例的初始化
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3307/data --basedir=/opt/software/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3308/data --basedir=/opt/software/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3309/data --basedir=/opt/software/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3310/data --basedir=/opt/software/mysql
上面的命令执行时,会有Warning提示,这里不要管它。注意,如果你的服务器内存较小的话,可能后续启不起来3台实例,不过有个2G内存也差不多了。
使用systemctl管理多实例
实际上,下面这几个配置文件内容都是来自于mysqld.service
文件,然后修改了各自实例的配置文件路径:
cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3307/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3308/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3309/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3310/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
OK了。
到这里,多实例的配置基本完毕,可以尝试启动了:
systemctl start mysqld3307.service
systemctl start mysqld3308.service
systemctl start mysqld3309.service
systemctl start mysqld3310.service
# 下面两个命令等价
systemctl start mysqld3307.service
systemctl start mysqld3307
验证下:
[root@cs software]# find / -name mysql.sock
/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock
/data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock
/data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock
/data/mysql/3310/mysql.sock
[root@cs software]# netstat -lnp|grep 33
tcp6 0 0 :::3307 :::* LISTEN 100746/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3308 :::* LISTEN 100753/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3309 :::* LISTEN 100760/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3310 :::* LISTEN 100768/mysqld
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 411727 100760/mysqld /data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 411405 100746/mysqld /data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 411408 100768/mysqld /data/mysql/3310/mysql.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 411730 100753/mysqld /data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock
恢复单实例的配置文件
[root@cs software]# mv /etc/my.cnf.bak /etc/my.cnf
然后启动3306这台实例,注意,3306的跟其他的实例不太一样:
[root@cs software]# systemctl start mysqld.service
[root@cs software]# find / -name mysql.sock
/tmp/mysql.sock
/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock
/data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock
/data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock
/data/mysql/3310/mysql.sock
[root@cs software]# netstat -lnp|grep 330
tcp6 0 0 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 101248/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3307 :::* LISTEN 100746/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3308 :::* LISTEN 100753/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3309 :::* LISTEN 100760/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3310 :::* LISTEN 100768/mysqld
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 411727 100760/mysqld /data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 411405 100746/mysqld /data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 411408 100768/mysqld /data/mysql/3310/mysql.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 411730 100753/mysqld /data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock
OK,所有实例都启动无误。
连接管理
现在5个实例都能正常运行后,摆在我们面前的是怎么连接到指定的实例?
有以下两种方式可以连接到指定数据库:
# 注意,此时的登录密码都为空,直接回车即可
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 6 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 7 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 8 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 9 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/mysql/3310/mysql.sock -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 10 |
+-------------+
以上是通过不同的mysql.sock
来来接指定的数据库实例,除此之外,还可以通过-h -P
参数来连接到指定的数据库实例:
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 6 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 7 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3308 -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 8 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3309 -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 9 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3310 -e "select @@server_id"
Enter password:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 10 |
+-------------+
OK,连接这块没问题了。
用户管理
默认的,上面使用root用户只有本地的访问权限,远程无法使用,且初始化时,我们将初始密码也设置为空了:
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -e "select user,host from mysql.user"
Enter password:
+---------------+-----------+
| user | host |
+---------------+-----------+
| mysql.session | localhost |
| mysql.sys | localhost |
| root | localhost |
+---------------+-----------+
所以,这里我们创建远程用户和创建密码再配置相关权限:
-- 分别登录到各自的实例中,此时密码还未空,直接回车,然后执行下面命令,进行创建用户并授权
-- mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3306
-- mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3307
-- mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3308
-- mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3309
-- mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3310
grant all on *.* to root@'localhost' identified by '123';
grant all on *.* to root@'%' identified by '123';
flush privileges;
注意,上面的创建用户和授权命令仅适用于MySQL8.0一下,因为从MySQL8.0开始,创建用户和授权分为两步操作,这点需要注意。
创建完成后,就可以通过密码进行登录了:
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -e "select @@server_id"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 6 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -e "select @@server_id"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 7 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1 -P3308 -e "select @@server_id"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 8 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1 -P3309 -e "select @@server_id"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 9 |
+-------------+
[root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1 -P3310 -e "select @@server_id"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 10 |
+-------------+
友情提示:如果是小白初次在虚拟机上搞,又搞成功了的话,记得现在再拍个快照,后面好恢复到当前干净的初始环境!!!!
that's all,see also:
老男孩-标杆班级-MySQL-lesson02-体系结构与管理 | MySQL数据库多实例介绍及安装 | Mysql多实例配置