不求甚解--详解ansible-playbook中roles的用法
前言
本文将详细介绍ansible-playbook中roles的各种用法,它允许你将相关的任务、变量、处理器、文件和模板等集合在一起,以便于在不同的项目中复用
环境准备
组件 | 版本 |
---|---|
操作系统 | Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS |
ansible | 2.17.6 |
基本用法
文件结构
.
├── deploy.hosts
├── deploy.yaml
└── roles
└── base
└── tasks
└── main.yaml
- deploy.hosts作为目标机器的列表文件
▶ cat deploy.hosts 10.22.11.166
- deploy.yaml作为入口文件
▶ cat deploy.yaml - name: deploy hosts: all remote_user: wilson gather_facts: no vars: ansible_ssh_pass: '123456' ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3 roles: - base
- name:指定作业的名字:deploy
- hosts:
all
代表deploy.hosts文件中所有的机器(也可以指定机器的分类信息) - remote_user:目标机器的登录用户
- gather_facts: 是否需要采集目标机器的基本数据,默认采集。脚本指定的是不采集,为了提高执行速度
- vars.ansible_ssh_oass:目标机器登录用户的密码
- vars.ansible_python_interpreter:目标机器python3的路径
- roles:指定本次作业所使用的角色
base
- roles目录作为ansible-playbook中一系列作业任务的集合,其中一个集合的名字叫做
base
- tasks中的main.yaml作为
base
的入口文件▶ cat roles/base/tasks/main.yaml - name: first command: echo 'hello world'
base
当前只有1个任务,就是登录到目标机器,执行hello world
- tasks中的main.yaml作为
运行
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts deploy.yaml
PLAY [deploy] ****************************************************************************************************
TASK [base : first] **********************************************************************************************
changed: [10.22.11.166]
PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************
10.22.11.166 : ok=1 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
在屏幕上显示执行结果
需要改造roles/base/tasks/main.yaml
▶ cat roles/base/tasks/main.yaml
- name: first
command: echo 'hello world'
register: display_result
- name: display
debug:
msg: "{{ display_result }}"
把结果放入变量display_result
,然后通过模版语言打印出来,并且是json格式的
运行:
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts deploy.yaml
PLAY [deploy] ****************************************************************************************************
TASK [base : first] **********************************************************************************************
changed: [10.22.11.166]
TASK [base : display] ********************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": [
"echo",
"hello world"
],
"delta": "0:00:00.002740",
"end": "2024-11-19 07:22:22.226036",
"failed": false,
"msg": "",
"rc": 0,
"start": "2024-11-19 07:22:22.223296",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "hello world",
"stdout_lines": [
"hello world"
]
}
}
PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************
10.22.11.166 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
引用环境变量
将操作系统的环境变量传入,可以通过lookup
来引用,比如:要使用PATH,可以通过lookup('env', 'PATH')
改造roles/base/tasks/main.yaml
▶ cat roles/base/tasks/main.yaml
- name: first
debug:
msg: "{{ lookup('env', 'PATH') }}"
运行:
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts deploy.yaml
PLAY [deploy] ****************************************************************************************************
TASK [base : first] **********************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "/home/wilson/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin:/snap/bin:/usr/local/go/bin:/usr/local/go/bin"
}
PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************
10.22.11.166 : ok=1 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
使用ansible变量
这里的ansible变量,其中一部分ansible默认的变量,一部分是ansible运行的时候,会默认去采集目标机器的基本信息,比如操作系统、cpu、内存、磁盘等等的基本信息
部分内置变量
变量名 | 描述 |
---|---|
inventory_hostname | 当前任务执行的主机名(来自 Inventory 文件) |
ansible_facts | 包含所有收集到的主机事实(facts) |
hostvars | 所有主机变量的集合,包含当前和其他主机 |
采集目标机器的基本信息
需要把之前采集ansible基本信息的开关打开gather_facts: yes
,打开之后会牺牲运行速度
改造roles/base/tasks/main.yaml
- name: first
debug:
msg: "{{ hostvars }}"
运行:
由于数据量太大,只展示部分,并且json格式,可以直接拿想要的值
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts deploy.yaml
PLAY [deploy] ******************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166]
TASK [base : first] ************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": {
"10.22.11.166": {
"ansible_all_ipv4_addresses": [
"10.22.11.166"
],
"ansible_all_ipv6_addresses": [
"fe80::a00:27ff:fef6:82c4"
],
"ansible_apparmor": {
"status": "enabled"
},
"ansible_architecture": "x86_64",
"ansible_bios_date": "12/01/2006",
"ansible_bios_vendor": "innotek GmbH",
"ansible_bios_version": "VirtualBox",
"ansible_board_asset_tag": "NA",
"ansible_board_name": "VirtualBox",
"ansible_board_serial": "NA",
"ansible_board_vendor": "Oracle Corporation",
...
"inventory_dir": "/home/wilson/workspace/ansible",
"inventory_file": "/home/wilson/workspace/ansible/deploy.hosts",
"inventory_hostname": "10.22.11.166",
"inventory_hostname_short": "10.22.11.166",
"module_setup": true,
"playbook_dir": "/home/wilson/workspace/ansible"
}
}
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
10.22.11.166 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
是否采集目标的基本信息
上面已经演示过,只需要gather_facts: yes
即可
从命令行传入变量
ansible-playbook可以通过-e
传入变量使用
▶ cat roles/base/tasks/main.yaml
- name: first
debug:
msg: "{{ app_name }} - {{ app_version }}"
运行:
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts -e "app_name=prom app_version=1.0" deploy.yaml
PLAY [deploy] ****************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *******************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166]
TASK [base : first] **********************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "prom - 1.0"
}
PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************
10.22.11.166 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
动态选择host
1)将主机分组
修改deploy.hosts文件
▶ cat deploy.hosts
[ga]
10.22.11.166
[gb]
10.22.11.166
127.0.0.1
2)改造入口文件
▶ cat deploy.yaml
- name: deploy
hosts: '{{h}}'
remote_user: wilson
gather_facts: no
vars:
ansible_ssh_pass: '123456'
ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3
roles:
- base
将hosts改在成为'{{h}}'
,通过传入h变量来动态定义
3)运行
指定h
为ga
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts -e "h=ga" deploy.yaml
PLAY [deploy] ****************************************************************************************************
TASK [base : first] **********************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "hello world"
}
PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************
10.22.11.166 : ok=1 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
指定h
为gb
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts -e "h=gb" deploy.yaml
PLAY [deploy] ****************************************************************************************************
TASK [base : first] **********************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "hello world"
}
ok: [127.0.0.1] => {
"msg": "hello world"
}
PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************
10.22.11.166 : ok=1 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
127.0.0.1 : ok=1 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
条件选择when
▶ cat roles/base/tasks/main.yaml
- name: first
debug:
msg: "version 1"
when: version == '1'
- name: second
debug:
msg: "version 2"
when: version == '2'
定义临时变量
通过-e
传入的变量来产生临时变量
- name: first
set_fact:
tag: "hello-{{ version }}"
- name: second
debug:
msg: "{{ tag }}"
运行:
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts -e "version=2" deploy.yaml
...
TASK [base : second] *********************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "hello-2"
}
...
调用多个role
1)新增role: advance
.
├── deploy.hosts
├── deploy.yaml
└── roles
├── advance
│ └── tasks
│ └── main.yaml
└── base
└── tasks
└── main.yaml
2)直接在入口文件deploy.yaml引用
.
├── deploy.hosts
├── deploy.yaml
└── roles
├── advance
│ └── tasks
│ └── main.yaml
└── base
└── tasks
└── main.yaml
运行:
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts -e "version=2" deploy.yaml
PLAY [deploy] ****************************************************************************************************
TASK [base : first] **********************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166]
TASK [base : second] *********************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "hello-2"
}
TASK [advance : new-first] ***************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "new hello world"
}
PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************
10.22.11.166 : ok=3 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
3)在roles base
中引用 advance
▶ cat deploy.yaml
- name: deploy
hosts: all
remote_user: wilson
gather_facts: no
vars:
ansible_ssh_pass: '123456'
ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3
roles:
- base
▶ cat roles/base/tasks/main.yaml
- name: base first
debug:
msg: "base {{ version }}"
- name: base second
include_role:
name: advance
vars:
role_pipe_from_base: "hello world from base"
- name: base third
debug:
msg: "{{ role_pipe_from_advance }}"
▶ cat roles/advance/tasks/main.yaml
- name: advance first
debug:
msg: "advance {{ version }}"
- name: advance second
debug:
msg: "{{ role_pipe_from_base }}"
- name: advance third
set_fact:
role_pipe_from_advance: "hello world from advance"
运行:
▶ ansible-playbook -i deploy.hosts -e "version=2" deploy.yaml
PLAY [deploy] ****************************************************************************************************
TASK [base : base first] *****************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "base 2"
}
TASK [base second] ***********************************************************************************************
included: advance for 10.22.11.166
TASK [advance : advance first] ***********************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "advance 2"
}
TASK [advance : advance second] **********************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "hello world from base"
}
TASK [advance : advance third] ***********************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166]
TASK [base : base third] *****************************************************************************************
ok: [10.22.11.166] => {
"msg": "hello world from advance"
}
PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************
10.22.11.166 : ok=6 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
这个例子呈现了:
- 传入变量
version
是共用的 - 如何在role传递参数
- 执行过程中定义的临时变量
role_pipe_from_advance
可以跨role持续 - 多role执行是串行的
小结
- 联系我,做深入的交流
至此,本文结束
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本文来自博客园,作者:it排球君,转载请注明原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/MrVolleyball/p/18591185