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数学小报4 - 三次方程的求根公式 The root formula for a cubic equation

数学小报4 - 三次方程的求根公式 The root formula for a cubic equation

1. 思考

我们学习过一元二次方程的求根公式 x=b±b24ac2a,思考是否存在一元三次方程的求根公式,便展开讨论。

补充 ω2+ω+1=0ω3=1,将 ω 称为 1 的三次单位根。

2. 证明 卡尔丹公式证明

设一元三次方程 ay3+by2+cy+d=0  (1)

y=xb3a,代入得:x3b23ac3a2x+ab39bc+27a2d27a3=0  (2)

p=b23ac3a2q=2b39bc+27a2d27a3,则 x3px+q=0  (3)

x=u+v,代入至 (3) 式得:u3+v3+(3uvp)(u+v)+q=0  (4)

3uvp=0uv=p3,代入 (4) 式得:u3+v3=q  (5)

u3×v3=p327  (6)

(5)(6):{u3+v3=qu3×v3=q327  {u3=q2+q24p327v3=q2q24p327u={q2+q24p3273q2+q24p3273·ωq2+q24p3273·ω2    v={q2q24p3273q2q24p3273·ωq2q24p3273·ω2uv=p3x={q2+q24p3273+q2q24p3273q2+q24p3273·ω+q2q24p3273·ω2q2+q24p3273·ω2+q2q24p3273·ω

3. 总结

一元二次方程有自己的判别式,其实在一元三次方程中也有自己的判别式:Δ=q24p327

条件 情况
Δ>0 方程有一个实根和一对共轭虚根
Δ=0 pq0 方程有一个两重实根和一个单重实根
Δ<0 方程有三个互异实根
p=q=0 方程有一个三重实根

4. 另一种证法(出自数学女孩)

设一元三次方程 ay3+by2+cy+d=0  (1)

y=xb3a,代入得:x3b23ac3a2x+ab39bc+27a2d27a3=0  (2)

p=b23ac3a2q=2b39bc+27a2d27a3,则 x3+px+q=0  (3)

令方程的三个解分别为 α,β,γ

则有 (xα)(xβ)(xγ)=0,即:

x3+(α+β+γ)x2(αβ+αγ+βγ)xαβγ=0{α+β+γ=0αβ+αγ+βγ=pαβγ=q            {L=ωα+ω2β+γR=ω2α+ωβ+γ{L+R+α+β=L+Rγ=2γ,γ=L+R3ω2L+ωR+β+γ=ω2L+ωRα=2α,α=ω2L+ωR3ωL+ω2R+β+γ=ωL+ω2Rβ=2β,β=ωL+ω2R3{α=ω2L+ωR3β=ωL+ω2R3γ=L+R3L3+R3=(L+R)(L+ωR)(L+ω2)=(ωα+ω2β+γ+ω2α+ωβ+γ)·(ωα+ω2β+γ+α+ω2β+ωγ)·(ωα+ω2β+γ+ωα+β+ω2γ)=(3γ)(3ω2β)(3ωα)=27ω3αβγ=27qL3R3=(LR)3=(α+ωαβ+ω2αγ+ω2αβ+β2+ω2βγ+ωβγ+ωαγ+ω2βγ+γ2)3=[(α+β+γ)23αβ3βγ3αγ]=3(αβ+βγ+αγ)=27p3{L3+R3=27qL3R3=27p3              {L3=27q+(27q)2+108p323R3=27q(27q)2+108p323:{A=27q2B=(27q)2+108p32  {L=A+B3R=AB3{α=ω2L+ωR3β=ωL+ω2R3γ=L+R3                 {α=13(ω2A+B3+ωAB3)β=13(ωA+B3+ω2AB3)γ=13(A+B3+AB3){p=b23ac3a2q=2b39bc+27a2d27a3{A=2b39bc+27a2d2a3B=27(27a2d218abcd+4b3d+4ac2b2c2)4a4{α=13(ω2A+B3+ωAB3)b3aβ=13(ωA+B3+ω2AB3)b3aγ=13(A+B3+AB3)b3a

本文作者:Mr-Az

本文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/Mr-Az/p/18221152/Math3-root-formula-for-cubic-equation

版权声明:本作品采用知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 2.5 中国大陆许可协议进行许可。

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  1. 1 使一颗心免于哀伤 知更鸟
使一颗心免于哀伤 - 知更鸟
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作词 : 黑金雨

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编曲 Arranger : 王可鑫 Eli.W (HOYO-MiX)

制作人 Producer : 王可鑫 Eli.W (HOYO-MiX)

Birds are born with no shackles

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So now, I’ll make a dream unchained

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Soaring past the night

To trace the bright moonlight

Let the clouds heal me of the stings

Gently wipe the sorrow off my life

I dream

Let my heart bravely spread the wings

Soaring past the night

To trace the bright moonlight

Let the clouds heal me of the stings

Gently wipe the sorrow off my life

I dream

I dream

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人声 Vocal Artist:Chevy

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