8-flask-restful
Flask-RESTful是用于快速构建REST API的Flask扩展。
1 安装
pip install flask-restful
2 Hello World
from flask import Flask from flask_restful import Resource, Api app = Flask(__name__) api = Api(app) class HelloWorldResource(Resource): def get(self): return {'hello': 'world'} def post(self): return {'msg': 'post hello world'} api.add_resource(HelloWorldResource, '/') # 此处启动对于1.0之后的Flask可有可无 if __name__ == '__main__': app.run(debug=True)
一:视图
1 为路由起名
通过endpoint参数为路由起名
api.add_resource(HelloWorldResource, '/', endpoint='HelloWorld')
2 蓝图中使用
from flask import Flask, Blueprint from flask_restful import Api, Resource app = Flask(__name__) user_bp = Blueprint('user', __name__) user_api = Api(user_bp) class UserProfileResource(Resource): def get(self): return {'msg': 'get user profile'} user_api.add_resource(UserProfileResource, '/users/profile') app.register_blueprint(user_bp)
3 装饰器
使用method_decorators
添加装饰器
- 为类视图中的所有方法添加装饰器
def decorator1(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): print('decorator1') return func(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper def decorator2(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): print('decorator2') return func(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper class DemoResource(Resource): method_decorators = [decorator1, decorator2] def get(self): return {'msg': 'get view'} def post(self): return {'msg': 'post view'}
- 为类视图中不同的方法添加不同的装饰器
class DemoResource(Resource): method_decorators = { 'get': [decorator1, decorator2], 'post': [decorator1] } # 使用了decorator1 decorator2两个装饰器 def get(self): return {'msg': 'get view'} # 使用了decorator1 装饰器 def post(self): return {'msg': 'post view'} # 未使用装饰器 def put(self): return {'msg': 'put view'}
二:请求处理
Flask-RESTful 提供了RequestParser
类,用来帮助我们检验和转换请求数据。
from flask_restful import reqparse parser = reqparse.RequestParser() parser.add_argument('rate', type=int, help='Rate cannot be converted', location='args') parser.add_argument('name') args = parser.parse_args()
使用步骤:
-
创建
RequestParser
对象 -
向
RequestParser
对象中添加需要检验或转换的参数声明 -
使用
parse_args()
方法启动检验处理 -
检验之后从检验结果中获取参数时可按照字典操作或对象属性操作
-
args.rate 或 args['rate']
参数说明
1 required
描述请求是否一定要携带对应参数,默认值为False
-
True 强制要求携带
若未携带,则校验失败,向客户端返回错误信息,状态码400
-
False 不强制要求携带
若不强制携带,在客户端请求未携带参数时,取出值为None
class DemoResource(Resource): def get(self): rp = RequestParser() rp.add_argument('a', required=False) args = rp.parse_args() return {'msg': 'data={}'.format(args.a)}
2 help
参数检验错误时返回的错误描述信息
rp.add_argument('a', required=True, help='missing a param')
3 action
描述对于请求参数中出现多个同名参数时的处理方式
action='store'
保留出现的第一个, 默认action='append'
以列表追加保存所有同名参数的值
rp.add_argument('a', required=True, help='missing a param', action='append')
4 type
描述参数应该匹配的类型,可以使用python的标准数据类型string、int,也可使用Flask-RESTful提供的检验方法,还可以自己定义
-
标准类型
rp.add_argument('a', type=int, required=True, help='missing a param', action='append')
-
Flask-RESTful提供
检验类型方法在
flask_restful.inputs
模块中-
url
-
regex(指定正则表达式)
from flask_restful import inputs rp.add_argument('a', type=inputs.regex(r'^\d{2}&'))
-
natural
自然数0、1、2、3... -
positive
正整数 1、2、3... -
int_range(low ,high)
整数范围rp.add_argument('a', type=inputs.int_range(1, 10))
-
boolean
-
-
自定义
def mobile(mobile_str): """ 检验手机号格式 :param mobile_str: str 被检验字符串 :return: mobile_str """ if re.match(r'^1[3-9]\d{9}$', mobile_str): return mobile_str else: raise ValueError('{} is not a valid mobile'.format(mobile_str)) rp.add_argument('a', type=mobile)
5 location
描述参数应该在请求数据中出现的位置
# Look only in the POST body parser.add_argument('name', type=int, location='form') # Look only in the querystring parser.add_argument('PageSize', type=int, location='args') # From the request headers parser.add_argument('User-Agent', location='headers') # From http cookies parser.add_argument('session_id', location='cookies') # From json parser.add_argument('user_id', location='json') # From file uploads parser.add_argument('picture', location='files') 也可指明多个位置 parser.add_argument('text', location=['headers', 'json'])
三:响应
1 序列化数据
Flask-RESTful 提供了marshal工具,用来帮助我们将数据序列化为特定格式的字典数据,以便作为视图的返回值。
from flask_restful import Resource, fields, marshal_with resource_fields = { 'name': fields.String, 'address': fields.String, 'user_id': fields.Integer } class Todo(Resource): @marshal_with(resource_fields, envelope='resource') def get(self, **kwargs): return db_get_todo() #也可以不使用装饰器的方式 class Todo(Resource): def get(self, **kwargs): data = db_get_todo() return marshal(data, resource_fields)
示例
# 用来模拟要返回的数据对象的类 class User(object): def __init__(self, user_id, name, age): self.user_id = user_id self.name = name self.age = age resoure_fields = { 'user_id': fields.Integer, 'name': fields.String } class Demo1Resource(Resource): @marshal_with(resoure_fields, envelope='data1') def get(self): user = User(1, 'itcast', 12) return user class Demo2Resource(Resource): def get(self): user = User(1, 'itcast', 12) return marshal(user, resoure_fields, envelope='data2')
2 定制返回的JSON格式
需求
想要接口返回的JSON数据具有如下统一的格式
{"message": "描述信息", "data": {要返回的具体数据}}
解决
Flask-RESTful的Api对象提供了一个representation
的装饰器,允许定制返回数据的呈现格式
api = Api(app) @api.representation('application/json') def handle_json(data, code, headers): # TODO 此处添加自定义处理 return res
Flask-RESTful原始对于json的格式处理方式如下:
代码出处:flask_restful.representations.json
from flask import make_response, current_app from flask_restful.utils import PY3 from json import dumps def output_json(data, code, headers=None): """Makes a Flask response with a JSON encoded body""" settings = current_app.config.get('RESTFUL_JSON', {}) # If we're in debug mode, and the indent is not set, we set it to a # reasonable value here. Note that this won't override any existing value # that was set. We also set the "sort_keys" value. if current_app.debug: settings.setdefault('indent', 4) settings.setdefault('sort_keys', not PY3) # always end the json dumps with a new line # see https://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask/pull/1262 dumped = dumps(data, **settings) + "\n" resp = make_response(dumped, code) resp.headers.extend(headers or {}) return resp
为满足需求,做如下改动即可
@api.representation('application/json') def output_json(data, code, headers=None): """Makes a Flask response with a JSON encoded body""" # 此处为自己添加*************** if 'message' not in data: data = { 'message': 'OK', 'data': data } # ************************** settings = current_app.config.get('RESTFUL_JSON', {}) # If we're in debug mode, and the indent is not set, we set it to a # reasonable value here. Note that this won't override any existing value # that was set. We also set the "sort_keys" value. if current_app.debug: settings.setdefault('indent', 4) settings.setdefault('sort_keys', not PY3) # always end the json dumps with a new line # see https://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask/pull/1262 dumped = dumps(data, **settings) + "\n" resp = make_response(dumped, code) resp.headers.extend(headers or {}) return resp