8-flask-restful

Flask-RESTful是用于快速构建REST API的Flask扩展。

1 安装

pip install flask-restful

2 Hello World

from flask import Flask
from flask_restful import Resource, Api

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

class HelloWorldResource(Resource):
    def get(self):
        return {'hello': 'world'}

        def post(self):
        return {'msg': 'post hello world'}

api.add_resource(HelloWorldResource, '/')

# 此处启动对于1.0之后的Flask可有可无
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

一:视图

1 为路由起名

通过endpoint参数为路由起名

api.add_resource(HelloWorldResource, '/', endpoint='HelloWorld')

2 蓝图中使用

from flask import Flask, Blueprint
from flask_restful import Api, Resource

app = Flask(__name__)

user_bp = Blueprint('user', __name__)

user_api = Api(user_bp)

class UserProfileResource(Resource):
    def get(self):
        return {'msg': 'get user profile'}

user_api.add_resource(UserProfileResource, '/users/profile')

app.register_blueprint(user_bp)

3 装饰器

使用method_decorators添加装饰器

  • 为类视图中的所有方法添加装饰器

 

  def decorator1(func):
      def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
          print('decorator1')
          return func(*args, **kwargs)
      return wrapper


  def decorator2(func):
      def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
          print('decorator2')
          return func(*args, **kwargs)
      return wrapper


  class DemoResource(Resource):
      method_decorators = [decorator1, decorator2]

      def get(self):
          return {'msg': 'get view'}

      def post(self):
          return {'msg': 'post view'}
  • 为类视图中不同的方法添加不同的装饰器
  class DemoResource(Resource):
      method_decorators = {
          'get': [decorator1, decorator2],
          'post': [decorator1]
      }

      # 使用了decorator1 decorator2两个装饰器
      def get(self):
          return {'msg': 'get view'}

      # 使用了decorator1 装饰器
      def post(self):
          return {'msg': 'post view'}

      # 未使用装饰器
      def put(self):
          return {'msg': 'put view'}

二:请求处理

Flask-RESTful 提供了RequestParser类,用来帮助我们检验和转换请求数据。

from flask_restful import reqparse

parser = reqparse.RequestParser()
parser.add_argument('rate', type=int, help='Rate cannot be converted', location='args')
parser.add_argument('name')
args = parser.parse_args()

使用步骤:

  1. 创建RequestParser对象

  2. RequestParser对象中添加需要检验或转换的参数声明

  3. 使用parse_args()方法启动检验处理

  4. 检验之后从检验结果中获取参数时可按照字典操作或对象属性操作

  5. args.rate
    或
    args['rate']

参数说明

1 required

描述请求是否一定要携带对应参数,默认值为False

  • True 强制要求携带

    若未携带,则校验失败,向客户端返回错误信息,状态码400

  • False 不强制要求携带

    若不强制携带,在客户端请求未携带参数时,取出值为None

class DemoResource(Resource):
    def get(self):
        rp = RequestParser()
        rp.add_argument('a', required=False)
        args = rp.parse_args()
        return {'msg': 'data={}'.format(args.a)}

2 help

参数检验错误时返回的错误描述信息

rp.add_argument('a', required=True, help='missing a param')

3 action

描述对于请求参数中出现多个同名参数时的处理方式

  • action='store' 保留出现的第一个, 默认
  • action='append' 以列表追加保存所有同名参数的值
rp.add_argument('a', required=True, help='missing a param', action='append')

4 type

描述参数应该匹配的类型,可以使用python的标准数据类型string、int,也可使用Flask-RESTful提供的检验方法,还可以自己定义

  • 标准类型

    rp.add_argument('a', type=int, required=True, help='missing a param', action='append')
    
  • Flask-RESTful提供

    检验类型方法在flask_restful.inputs模块中

    • url

    • regex(指定正则表达式)

      from flask_restful import inputs
      rp.add_argument('a', type=inputs.regex(r'^\d{2}&'))
      
    • natural 自然数0、1、2、3...

    • positive 正整数 1、2、3...

    • int_range(low ,high) 整数范围

      rp.add_argument('a', type=inputs.int_range(1, 10))
      
    • boolean

  • 自定义

    def mobile(mobile_str):
        """
        检验手机号格式
        :param mobile_str: str 被检验字符串
        :return: mobile_str
        """
        if re.match(r'^1[3-9]\d{9}$', mobile_str):
            return mobile_str
        else:
            raise ValueError('{} is not a valid mobile'.format(mobile_str))
    
    rp.add_argument('a', type=mobile)

     

5 location

描述参数应该在请求数据中出现的位置

# Look only in the POST body
parser.add_argument('name', type=int, location='form')

# Look only in the querystring
parser.add_argument('PageSize', type=int, location='args')

# From the request headers
parser.add_argument('User-Agent', location='headers')

# From http cookies
parser.add_argument('session_id', location='cookies')

# From json
parser.add_argument('user_id', location='json')

# From file uploads
parser.add_argument('picture', location='files')
也可指明多个位置

parser.add_argument('text', location=['headers', 'json'])

三:响应

1 序列化数据

Flask-RESTful 提供了marshal工具,用来帮助我们将数据序列化为特定格式的字典数据,以便作为视图的返回值。

from flask_restful import Resource, fields, marshal_with

resource_fields = {
    'name': fields.String,
    'address': fields.String,
    'user_id': fields.Integer
}

class Todo(Resource):
    @marshal_with(resource_fields, envelope='resource')
    def get(self, **kwargs):
        return db_get_todo()

#也可以不使用装饰器的方式

class Todo(Resource):
    def get(self, **kwargs):
        data = db_get_todo()
        return marshal(data, resource_fields)

示例

# 用来模拟要返回的数据对象的类
class User(object):
    def __init__(self, user_id, name, age):
        self.user_id = user_id
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

resoure_fields = {
        'user_id': fields.Integer,
        'name': fields.String
    }

class Demo1Resource(Resource):
    @marshal_with(resoure_fields, envelope='data1')
    def get(self):
        user = User(1, 'itcast', 12)
        return user

class Demo2Resource(Resource):
    def get(self):
        user = User(1, 'itcast', 12)
        return marshal(user, resoure_fields, envelope='data2')

 

2 定制返回的JSON格式

需求

想要接口返回的JSON数据具有如下统一的格式

{"message": "描述信息", "data": {要返回的具体数据}}

解决

Flask-RESTful的Api对象提供了一个representation的装饰器,允许定制返回数据的呈现格式

api = Api(app)

@api.representation('application/json')
def handle_json(data, code, headers):
    # TODO 此处添加自定义处理
    return res

Flask-RESTful原始对于json的格式处理方式如下:

代码出处:flask_restful.representations.json

from flask import make_response, current_app
from flask_restful.utils import PY3
from json import dumps


def output_json(data, code, headers=None):
    """Makes a Flask response with a JSON encoded body"""

    settings = current_app.config.get('RESTFUL_JSON', {})

    # If we're in debug mode, and the indent is not set, we set it to a
    # reasonable value here.  Note that this won't override any existing value
    # that was set.  We also set the "sort_keys" value.
    if current_app.debug:
        settings.setdefault('indent', 4)
        settings.setdefault('sort_keys', not PY3)

    # always end the json dumps with a new line
    # see https://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask/pull/1262
    dumped = dumps(data, **settings) + "\n"

    resp = make_response(dumped, code)
    resp.headers.extend(headers or {})
    return resp

为满足需求,做如下改动即可

@api.representation('application/json')
def output_json(data, code, headers=None):
    """Makes a Flask response with a JSON encoded body"""

    # 此处为自己添加***************
    if 'message' not in data:
        data = {
            'message': 'OK',
            'data': data
        }
    # **************************

    settings = current_app.config.get('RESTFUL_JSON', {})

    # If we're in debug mode, and the indent is not set, we set it to a
    # reasonable value here.  Note that this won't override any existing value
    # that was set.  We also set the "sort_keys" value.
    if current_app.debug:
        settings.setdefault('indent', 4)
        settings.setdefault('sort_keys', not PY3)

    # always end the json dumps with a new line
    # see https://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask/pull/1262
    dumped = dumps(data, **settings) + "\n"

    resp = make_response(dumped, code)
    resp.headers.extend(headers or {})
    return resp

 

posted on 2021-06-14 21:57  paike123  阅读(58)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报

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