WPF之小动画三
如果前两篇的博客太为普通，那么接下来的内容将让你动画实在是太厉害了。本文将会介绍两个关于纯手工实现动画的形式，当然动画效果就不用我多说了。
基于帧的动画：
此处的帧并不是之前介绍的Animation这样的动画，之所以称之为帧，那是因为它控制范围更加精细。也就是说，在有些应用程序方案中，你需要根据每个帧控制呈现，使那么就可以基于每个帧回调来创建自定义动画。基于帧的动画主要使用CompositionTarget 对象的一个回调函数来实现，CompositionTarget表示应用程序的显示图面，其回调函数将会在1秒之内被访问60次，所以也就可以实现动画的过程(一般来说此种动画会在游戏的时候使用，因为它每一帧都是会执行一次回调函数，可以创建出逼真的效果和动画)。
接下来我们的例子是实现一个Ellipse从上往下坠落的过程(数量是从20--100不等，通过随机)，当所有的图形坠落到底部之后则结束动画。
效果图如上，待我慢慢讲解代码。
EllipseInfo(可以理解为Ellipse信息类)：
public class EllipseInfo { public Ellipse Ellipse { get; set; } public double VelocityY { get; set; } public EllipseInfo(Ellipse ellipse, double velocityY) { VelocityY = velocityY; Ellipse = ellipse; } }
Ellipse表示一个Ellipse对象，VeloctyY表示动画向下时所使用的值。
XAML：
<Window x:Class="WpfApplication3.Window4" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" Title="Window4" Height="300" Width="300"> <Grid> <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition Height="auto"></RowDefinition> <RowDefinition Height="*"></RowDefinition> </Grid.RowDefinitions> <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Left" VerticalAlignment="Top"> <Button Height="30" Width="30" Content="开始" Margin="5" Name="btnStart" Click="btnStart_Click"></Button> <Button Height="30" Width="30" Content="停止" Margin="5" Canvas.Left="50" Name="btnStop" Click="btnStop_Click"></Button> </StackPanel> <Canvas Name="ellipseCanvas" Height="Auto" Width="Auto" Background="LightBlue" Grid.Row="1"> </Canvas> </Grid> </Window>
两个按钮，一个Canvas，没什么说的。
Xaml.cs：
private void btnStart_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { if (!rendering) { //清楚集合汇中的Ellipse ellipses.Clear(); //清楚Canvas中的元素 ellipseCanvas.Children.Clear(); //添加自定义呈现过程 CompositionTarget.Rendering += CompositionTarget_Rendering; //标示进入呈现过程 rendering = true; } }
开始按钮事件，事件中清空集合和页面集合，然后添加呈现过程。
呈现事件：
private void CompositionTarget_Rendering(object sender, EventArgs e) { //没有图形，则随机创建 if (ellipses.Count == 0) { //得到Canvas的宽度的一半，用于随机得到Ellipse的Left值 int halfCanvasWidth = (int)ellipseCanvas.ActualWidth / 2; Random random = new Random(); //随机创建Ellipse的数量 int ellipseCount = random.Next(minEllipses, maxEllipses); for (int i = 0; i < ellipseCount; i++) { //创建Ellipse Ellipse ellipse = new Ellipse(); ellipse.Fill = Brushes.LimeGreen; ellipse.Width = ellipseRadius; ellipse.Height = ellipseRadius; //设置Left属性，Left的值为0--Canvas.ActualWidth Canvas.SetLeft(ellipse, halfCanvasWidth + random.Next(-halfCanvasWidth, halfCanvasWidth)); //Top值为0，因为当创建完毕Ellipse之后才处理Top的动画效果 Canvas.SetTop(ellipse, 0); //将Ellipse放入Canvas ellipseCanvas.Children.Add(ellipse); //创建EllipseInfo，用于保存Ellipse对象，以及每个对象的向下速度 EllipseInfo ellipseInfo = new EllipseInfo(ellipse, speedRatio * random.Next(minStartingSpeed, maxStartingSpeed)); ellipses.Add(ellipseInfo); } } else { for (int i = ellipses.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--) { EllipseInfo info = ellipses[i]; //根据Ellipse得到Top double top = Canvas.GetTop(info.Ellipse); //设置Ellipse的Top为初始时的速度值 Canvas.SetTop(info.Ellipse, info.VelocityY); //如果Top到达了Canvas的底部 if (top >= (ellipseCanvas.ActualHeight - ellipseRadius * 2)) { //图形到了底层，则从集合移除 ellipses.Remove(info); } else { //否则继续增加高度 info.VelocityY += accelerationY; } //如果元素全部从Canvas中移除，则停止呈现过程 if (ellipses.Count == 0) { CompositionTarget.Rendering -= CompositionTarget_Rendering; rendering = false; } } } }
代码注释非常清楚了，但是还是要说一句，为什么可以用if和else这么做。因为我上文提到，呈现过程是1秒钟被执行60次的，所以我们的事件也是这样的，所以这样反复的过程就形成了你看到的动画。
结束事件：
private void btnStop_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { CompositionTarget.Rendering -= CompositionTarget_Rendering; rendering = false; }
赶紧运行程序，将会看到很有趣的效果哦。
地雷下坠游戏：
如果上述的效果让你觉得没什么可玩性，那么接下来这个可是完整的一个游戏。
此游戏属于考验反应速度类的，左边一直有地雷下降，并且速度越来越快，你必须点击地雷使地雷消失，否则当地雷坠落超过5个，则视为游戏结束。
代码构成部分：主要为主窗体和一个用户控件，用户控件就是放了一个使用Path实现的地雷形状(当然不是我做的，我可没那么厉害)。
用户控件Bomb：
代码有点长，不过不用去关注，就是使用Path绘制的图形。
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CS：
public bool IsFalling { get; set; }
后置代码中主要就是一个属性，用于标示地雷是坠落了还是被点中了。
主窗体：
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot"> <Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <ColumnDefinition></ColumnDefinition> <ColumnDefinition Width="280"></ColumnDefinition> </Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <Border BorderBrush="SteelBlue" BorderThickness="1" Margin="5"> <Grid> <Canvas x:Name="canvasBackground" SizeChanged="canvasBackground_SizeChanged" MinWidth="50"> <Canvas.Background> <RadialGradientBrush> <GradientStop Color="AliceBlue" Offset="0"></GradientStop> <GradientStop Color="White" Offset="0.7"></GradientStop> </RadialGradientBrush> </Canvas.Background> </Canvas> </Grid> </Border> <Border Grid.Column="1" BorderBrush="SteelBlue" BorderThickness="1" Margin="5"> <Border.Background> <RadialGradientBrush GradientOrigin="1,0.7" Center="1,0.7" RadiusX="1" RadiusY="1"> <GradientStop Color="Orange" Offset="0"></GradientStop> <GradientStop Color="White" Offset="1"></GradientStop> </RadialGradientBrush> </Border.Background> <StackPanel Margin="15" VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Center"> <TextBlock FontFamily="微软雅黑" FontSize="35" Foreground="LightSteelBlue">地雷下坠</TextBlock> <TextBlock x:Name="lblRate" Margin="0,30,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap" FontFamily="Georgia" FontSize="14"></TextBlock> <TextBlock x:Name="lblSpeed" Margin="0,30" TextWrapping="Wrap" FontFamily="Georgia" FontSize="14"></TextBlock> <TextBlock x:Name="lblStatus" TextWrapping="Wrap" FontFamily="微软雅黑" FontSize="20">没有地雷落地.</TextBlock> <Button x:Name="cmdStart" Padding="5" Margin="0,30" Width="80" Content="Start Game" Click="cmdStart_Click"></Button> </StackPanel> </Border> </Grid>
主窗体主要是两列的一个Grid，左边为地雷区域(主要是一个Canvas容器)，右边为操作和显示信息的区域。
CS--字段：
//存放Bomb和动画的键值对 private Dictionary<Bomb, Storyboard> storyboards = new Dictionary<Bomb, Storyboard>(); //运行于UI线程的Timer，用于定时绘制图形到UI private DispatcherTimer bombTimer = new DispatcherTimer(); #region 图形相关 //坠落的图形数量 private int droppedCount = 0; //点中的图形数量 private int savedCount = 0; //初始时候每1.3秒执行一次动画 private double initialSecondsBetweenBombs = 1.3; //图形的降落时间 private double initialSecondsToFall = 3.5; //Bomp动画周期 private double secondsToFall; #endregion #region Timer //Timer执行周期 private double secondsBetweenBombs; #endregion #region 调节相关 //Timer的调节时间间距，默认为每15秒调节一次 private double secondsBetweenAdjustments = 15; //记录最后一次的调节时间 private DateTime lastAdjustmentTime = DateTime.MinValue; //用于减少Timer运行周期的值 private double secondsBetweenBombsReduction = 0.1; //用于减少动画执行的周期的值 private double secondsToFallReduction = 0.1; #endregion //最大降落数量，如果超出则结束游戏 private int maxDropped = 5;
CS--Timer事件和动画：
private void bombTimer_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e) { //创建Bomb Bomb bomb = new Bomb(); bomb.IsFalling = true; canvasBackground.Children.Add(bomb); //随机计算Bomb的Left值 Random random = new Random(); Canvas.SetLeft(bomb, random.Next(0, (int)canvasBackground.ActualWidth - 50)); Canvas.SetTop(bomb, -100); //添加点击时的动画 bomb.MouseLeftButtonDown += bomb_MouseLeftButtonDown; Storyboard sbBomb = new Storyboard(); #region 创建下坠的动画 //创建下坠的动画 DoubleAnimation fallAnimation = new DoubleAnimation(); //设置动画的目标位Canvas的高度 fallAnimation.To = canvasBackground.ActualHeight; //设置运行时间 fallAnimation.Duration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secondsToFall); Storyboard.SetTarget(fallAnimation, bomb); Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(fallAnimation, new PropertyPath("(Canvas.Top)")); sbBomb.Children.Add(fallAnimation); #endregion #region 创建Bomb左右摇摆动画 //创建Bomb左右摇摆动画 DoubleAnimation wiggleAnimation = new DoubleAnimation(); wiggleAnimation.To = 30; wiggleAnimation.Duration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.2); wiggleAnimation.RepeatBehavior = RepeatBehavior.Forever; wiggleAnimation.AutoReverse = true; Storyboard.SetTarget(wiggleAnimation, bomb); Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(wiggleAnimation, new PropertyPath("RenderTransform.Children[0].Angle")); sbBomb.Children.Add(wiggleAnimation); #endregion sbBomb.Duration = fallAnimation.Duration; //动画完成事件 sbBomb.Completed += sbBomb_Completed; //开始动画 sbBomb.Begin(); //将动画和Bomb对象放入键值对集合 storyboards.Add(bomb, sbBomb); //如果当前时间和最后一次调整的时间差大于指定的间隔 if ((DateTime.Now.Subtract(lastAdjustmentTime).TotalSeconds > secondsBetweenAdjustments)) { lastAdjustmentTime = DateTime.Now; //每调整一次都要减少Timer的运行周期 secondsBetweenBombs -= secondsBetweenBombsReduction; //调整Bomb动画结束的周期值 secondsToFall -= secondsToFallReduction; //重新设置Timer的运行周期 bombTimer.Interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secondsBetweenBombs); lblRate.Text = String.Format("每{0}秒出现一个地雷.", secondsBetweenBombs); lblSpeed.Text = String.Format("每个地雷{0}秒降落到底部.", secondsToFall); } } void sbBomb_Completed(object sender, EventArgs e) { ClockGroup clockGroup = sender as ClockGroup; //得到下坠动画对象 DoubleAnimation completedAnimation = clockGroup.Children[0].Timeline as DoubleAnimation; //得到当前动画的关联对象 Bomb completedBomb = Storyboard.GetTarget(completedAnimation) as Bomb; if (completedBomb.IsFalling) { droppedCount++; } else { savedCount++; } lblStatus.Text = String.Format("坠落了{0}个炸弹，解救了{1}个炸弹.", droppedCount, savedCount); //如果坠落的数量大于了最大允许坠落数量 if (droppedCount > maxDropped) { bombTimer.Stop(); lblStatus.Text += "\r\n\r\n游戏结束."; foreach (KeyValuePair<Bomb, Storyboard> item in storyboards) { Bomb bomb = item.Key; Storyboard story = item.Value; //将图形从Canvas中移除 canvasBackground.Children.Remove(bomb); //停止动画 story.Stop(); } storyboards.Clear(); cmdStart.IsEnabled = true; } //否则则对动画对象和Bomb做清理工作 else { //结束动画 Storyboard storyBoard = clockGroup.Timeline as Storyboard; storyBoard.Stop(); //从动画集合中移除 storyboards.Remove(completedBomb); //将Bomb从Canvas中移除 canvasBackground.Children.Remove(completedBomb); } }
CS--地雷点击事件(让地雷消失)：
private void bomb_MouseLeftButtonDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e) { Bomb bomb = sender as Bomb; bomb.IsFalling = false; //记录下Bomb的当前位置 double currentTop = Canvas.GetTop(bomb); double currentLeft = Canvas.GetLeft(bomb); //找到Bomb对应的动画，并结束 Storyboard sbBomb = storyboards[bomb]; sbBomb.Stop(); sbBomb.Children.Clear(); //创建上升动画，使Bomb消失 DoubleAnimation riseAnimation = new DoubleAnimation(); riseAnimation.From = currentTop; riseAnimation.To = 0; riseAnimation.Duration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2); Storyboard.SetTarget(riseAnimation, bomb); Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(riseAnimation, new PropertyPath("(Canvas.Top)")); sbBomb.Children.Add(riseAnimation); //水平移除的动画 DoubleAnimation slideAnimation = new DoubleAnimation(); //如果当前Bomb不在中间位置，则直接移出到左边 if (currentLeft < canvasBackground.ActualWidth / 2) { slideAnimation.To = -100; } //否则直接移出到右边 else { slideAnimation.To = canvasBackground.ActualWidth + 100; } slideAnimation.Duration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1); Storyboard.SetTarget(slideAnimation, bomb); Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(slideAnimation, new PropertyPath("(Canvas.Left)")); sbBomb.Children.Add(slideAnimation); sbBomb.Duration = slideAnimation.Duration; sbBomb.Begin(); }
CS--开始事件：
private void cmdStart_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { cmdStart.IsEnabled = false; //清空数据 droppedCount = 0; savedCount = 0; //设置Timer的周期 secondsBetweenBombs = initialSecondsBetweenBombs; //设置动画完成的时间 secondsToFall = initialSecondsToFall; //设置Timer时间 bombTimer.Interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(secondsBetweenBombs); //开始Timer bombTimer.Start(); }
CS--窗体大小改变事件：
只所以写此事件是为了防止地雷显示在了Canvas区域之外。
private void canvasBackground_SizeChanged(object sender, SizeChangedEventArgs e) { //窗体改变大小后要动态的裁剪Canvas，防止图形超出Left范围 RectangleGeometry rect = new RectangleGeometry(); rect.Rect = new Rect(0, 0, canvasBackground.ActualWidth, canvasBackground.ActualHeight); canvasBackground.Clip = rect; }
执行过程：
1.点击开始按钮开始一个Timer的动作，根据设置的初始值每x秒执行一次Timer。
2.在Timer中创建Bomb控件，同时给其创建两个动画，一个负责向下坠落，一个负责左右摇摆，这样就加大了点击的难度。另外在动画过程中会动态的调整Timer的周期时间以及Bomb的动画时间，也是为了加大难度。
3.在每个动画的完成事件中得到当前的Bomb对象和动画对象，判断Bomb是自然坠落了还是点击了；如果是自然坠落则累加坠落的地雷数量，同时将Bomb对象从页面中移除，也从集合中移除动画；如果是点击，则将他们从集合中移除即可。每次动画结束都检测坠落的地雷是否已经达到了最大数量限制，然后决定是游戏结束还是继续执行。
4.当点击了一个Bomb之后，执行两个动画，一个控制Bomb的Top直到消失，一个控制Bomb的Left直到消失(Left要根据当前Bomb的所在位置判断是向右移动还是向左移动)，并且标示为点击消失(即IsFalling为false)。
为了方便大家，我把动画的Demo源码贴出来，戳我。
希望大家多多交流和指出错误之处。
