Java: 异常处理机制

1. 如何捕获异常

try 

{

可能会出现异常的代码段；

}

catch(异常类型名 处理该异常对象)

{

异常处理代码段；

}

 

import java.io.*;

public class TryCatchTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        File file = new File("abc.txt");
        int a[] = {1, 2};
        
        try
        {
            System.out.println(3/0);
        }
        catch(ArithmeticException e1)
        {
            System.out.println("3/0: ");
            System.out.println("This is ArithmeticException");
        }
        
        try
        {
            System.out.println(a[2]);
        }
        catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e2)
        {
            System.out.println("a[2] is out of Array: ");
            System.out.println("This is ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
        }
        
        try
        {
            BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
        }
        catch (FileNotFoundException e3)
        {
            System.out.println("abc.txt is not found: ");
            System.out.println("This is FileNotFoundException");
        }
        catch(IOException e)
        {
            System.out.println("This is IOException");
        }

    }

}

3/0:
This is ArithmeticException
a[2] is out of Array:
This is ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
abc.txt is not found:
This is FileNotFoundException

 

2. 如何抛出异常

编写代码过程中，如果不想在这段代码中捕捉和处理一个可能出现的异常，那么就需要将这个异常传递出去，传递给调用它的方法去处理该异常。这个时候就需要使用throw 和throws

• throws语句在方法声明中使用，抛出异常
• throw语句在方法体内部使用，抛出异常

注意： 方法体中若使用了throw语句抛出异常，则必须在该方法声明中，采用throws语句来声明该方法体中抛出的异常，同时，throws语句声明抛出的异常，必须是方法体中throw语句抛出的异常或该异常的父类。

import java.io.*;

public class ThrowTest {
    
    public void throwTest1() throws ArithmeticException
    {
        System.out.println(3/0);
    }
    
    public void throwTest2() throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    {
        int a[] ={1,2};
        System.out.println(a[2]);
    }
    
    public void throwTest3() throws FileNotFoundException
    {
        File file=new File("abc.txt");
        new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
    }
    
    public void throwTest4() throws FileNotFoundException
    {
        throw new FileNotFoundException("abc.txt");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThrowTest throwTest=new ThrowTest();
        
        try
        {
            throwTest.throwTest1();
        }
        catch (ArithmeticException e1)
        {
            System.out.println("3/0: ");
            System.out.println("This is ArithmeticException");
        }
        
        try 
        {
            throwTest.throwTest2();
        }
        catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e2)
        {
            System.out.println("a[2] is out of Array: ");
            System.out.println("This is ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
        }
        
        try
        {
            throwTest.throwTest3();
        }
        catch (FileNotFoundException e3)
        {
            System.out.println("abc.txt is not found: ");
            System.out.println("This is FileNotFoundException");
        }
        
        try
        {
            throwTest.throwTest4();
        }
        catch (FileNotFoundException e3)
        {
            System.out.println("abc.txt is not found: ");
            System.out.println("This is FileNotFoundException");
        }

    }

}

3/0:
This is ArithmeticException
a[2] is out of Array:
This is ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
abc.txt is not found:
This is FileNotFoundException
abc.txt is not found:
This is FileNotFoundException

 

3. 自定义异常

建立自己的异常类，要做的只是根据需要，从Exception类或者从Exception类的子类中继承出需要的类。习惯上，会经常为每一个异常类，提供一个默认的和一个包含详细信息的构造器。需要注意的是，自定义异常类，必须由程序员使用throw语句抛出。

public class MyException {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str="2abcde";
        
        try
        {
            char c=str.charAt(0);
            if(c<'a'||c>'z'||c<'A'||c>'Z')
                throw new FirstLetterException();
        }
        catch (FirstLetterException e)
        {
            System.out.println("This is FirstLetterException");
        }

    }

}

class FirstLetterException extends Exception{
    public FirstLetterException()
    {
        super("The first char is not a letter");
    }
    
    public FirstLetterException(String str)
    {
        super(str);
    }
}

This is FirstLetterException

 

public class MyException {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws FirstLetterException{
        throw new FirstLetterException();
    }
}

class FirstLetterException extends Exception{
    public FirstLetterException()
    {
        super("The first char is not a letter");
    }
    
    public FirstLetterException(String str)
    {
        super(str);
    }
}

Exception in thread "main" FirstLetterException: The first char is not a letter
at MyException.main(MyException.java:5)

 

4. 使用finally语句

在使用try...catch语句是，若try语句中的某一句出现异常情况，那么这部分try语句段中，从出现异常的语句开始，之后的所有语句都不会被执行，直到这部分try语句段结束。

但是在很多情况下，希望无论是否出现异常，某些语句都需要被执行。那么就可以把这部分代码放在finally语句段中，即使try或catch语句段中含有return语句，程序都会在异常抛出后先执行finally语句段，除非try或catch语句段中执行System.exit()方法，或者是出现Error错误，finally语句才不会被执行而退出程序。

import java.io.*;

public class FinallyTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        File file=null;
        BufferedReader input=null;
        file=new File("abc.txt");
        
        try
        {
            input=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
        }
        catch(FileNotFoundException e)
        {
            System.out.print("abc.txt is not found: ");
            System.out.println("This is FileNotFoundException");
        }
        finally
        {
            System.out.println("This is finally code part.");
        }

    }

}

abc.txt is not found: This is FileNotFoundException
This is finally code part.