[原创]如何写一个完善的c++异常处理类
我们的异常处理类的features
如何写一个异常处理类是一个不太容易的事情,最近刚好接触了一些不错的代码,看到了一些技巧,这里和大家分享一下。
一个相对完善的异常处理类(以及附加的一些东西)应该能够处理下面的一些功能:
1) 能够方便的定义异常类的继承树
2) 能够方便的throw、catch,也就是在代码中捕获、处理代码的部分应该更短
3) 能够获取异常出现的源文件的名字、方法的名字、行号
4) 能够获取异常出现的调用栈并且打印出来
由于目前我用的平台是linux,所以里面调用的一些函数也只是在linux下面有用。Windows也肯定是具有相应的函数的,具体可能需要去查查
首先科普一些内容:
1) 对于没有捕获的异常(no handler),则会终止程序,调用terminate()
2) 在定义函数的时候,我们可以在定义的后面加上throw (exception1, exception2…):
a) 如果没有写这一段、则可能抛出任意的异常
b) 如果写throw(),则表示函数不能抛出任意的异常
c) 如果写throw(A, B), 表示函数抛出A、B的异常
如果抛出的异常不在列表范围内,则异常不能被catch,也就会调用terminate()
我们构想一下我们定义、调用我们的异常类的时候是怎样的一个情形:
1) 定义:
1: class DerivedException : public BaseException
2: {
3: public:
4: MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(DerivedException, BaseException);
5: };
2) 如何抛出异常
1: MY_THROW(DerivedException)
3) 如何catch异常
1: catch (DerivedException& e)
2: {
3: cout<< e.what() << endl;
4: }
这个输出的内容包括错误的行号、文件名、方法名、和调用栈的列表
给出我们异常类的头文件:
1: #ifndef EXCEPTION_TEST
2: #define EXCEPTION_TEST
3:
4: #include <exception>
5: #include <string>
6:
7: #define MY_THROW(ExClass, args...) \
8: do \
9: { \
10: ExClass e(args); \
11: e.Init(__FILE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __LINE__); \
12: throw e; \
13: } \
14: while (false)
15:
16: #define MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(ExClass, Base) \
17: ExClass(const std::string& msg = "") throw() \
18: : Base(msg) \
19: {} \
20: \
21: ~ExClass() throw() {} \
22: \
23: /* override */ std::string GetClassName() const \
24: { \
25: return #ExClass; \
26: }
27:
28: class ExceptionBase : public std::exception
29: {
30: public:
31: ExceptionBase(const std::string& msg = "") throw();
32:
33: virtual ~ExceptionBase() throw();
34:
35: void Init(const char* file, const char* func, int line);
36:
37: virtual std::string GetClassName() const;
38:
39: virtual std::string GetMessage() const;
40:
41: const char* what() const throw();
42:
43: const std::string& ToString() const;
44:
45: std::string GetStackTrace() const;
46:
47: protected:
48: std::string mMsg;
49: const char* mFile;
50: const char* mFunc;
51: int mLine;
52:
53: private:
54: enum { MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE = 50 };
55: void* mStackTrace[MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE];
56: size_t mStackTraceSize;
57: mutable std::string mWhat;
58: };
59:
60: class ExceptionDerived : public ExceptionBase
61: {
62: public:
63: MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(ExceptionDerived, ExceptionBase);
64: };
65:
66: #endif
这个头文件首先定义了两个宏,这里先暂时不管他,我先来解释一下ExceptionBase,它继承自std::exception,std::exception里面其实已经提供了一些功能了,但是比较弱,为了实现我们上文提到的功能,这里只是继承了std:exception的借口,也就是what()函数。
上面的接口应该比较好理解,45行的GetStackTrace是打印当前的调用栈,49-51行分别存储了当前出现exception的源文件名,函数名,行号,54行定义了最大的调用栈显示的深度,也就是显示50行。
60行显示了怎样定义一个新的异常类,这个就很方便了,通过MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION宏去定义了一个继承类,详情见16行,这里不再细说,我这里想说说7行的MY_THROW宏,使用了3个内置的参数,__FILE__, __LINE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, 他们分别是当前的文件名,行号,和函数名,他们的使用方法是在哪儿出现,其相应的值就是什么。
为什么这里要使用MY_THROW宏呢?其实是为了方便的把行号、文件名等加入进来,宏展开的时候是在一行上的,这样也使得行号与出错的行号保持一致,而且让代码更简单。
给出异常类的.cpp文件:
1: #include <execinfo.h>
2: #include <stdlib.h>
3: #include <cxxabi.h>
4:
5: #include <iostream>
6: #include <sstream>
7:
8: #include "exception_test.h"
9:
10: using namespace std;
11:
12: ExceptionBase::ExceptionBase(const std::string& msg) throw()
13: : mMsg(msg),
14: mFile("<unknown file>"),
15: mFunc("<unknown func>"),
16: mLine(-1),
17: mStackTraceSize(0)
18: {}
19:
20: ExceptionBase::~ExceptionBase() throw()
21: {}
22:
23: void ExceptionBase::Init(const char* file, const char* func, int line)
24: {
25: mFile = file;
26: mFunc = func;
27: mLine = line;
28: mStackTraceSize = backtrace(mStackTrace, MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE);
29: }
30:
31: std::string ExceptionBase::GetClassName() const
32: {
33: return "ExceptionBase";
34: }
35:
36: const char* ExceptionBase::what() const throw()
37: {
38: return ToString().c_str();
39: }
40:
41: const std::string& ExceptionBase::ToString() const
42: {
43: if (mWhat.empty())
44: {
45: stringstream sstr("");
46: if (mLine > 0)
47: {
48: sstr << mFile << "(" << mLine << ")";
49: }
50: sstr << ": " << GetClassName();
51: if (!GetMessage().empty())
52: {
53: sstr << ": " << GetMessage();
54: }
55: sstr << "\nStack Trace:\n";
56: sstr << GetStackTrace();
57: mWhat = sstr.str();
58: }
59: return mWhat;
60: }
61:
62: std::string ExceptionBase::GetMessage() const
63: {
64: return mMsg;
65: }
66:
67: std::string ExceptionBase::GetStackTrace() const
68: {
69: if (mStackTraceSize == 0)
70: return "<No stack trace>\n";
71: char** strings = backtrace_symbols(mStackTrace, 10);
72: if (strings == NULL) // Since this is for debug only thus
73: // non-critical, don't throw an exception.
74: return "<Unknown error: backtrace_symbols returned NULL>\n";
75:
76: std::string result;
77: for (size_t i = 0; i < mStackTraceSize; ++i)
78: {
79: std::string mangledName = strings[i];
80: std::string::size_type begin = mangledName.find('(');
81: std::string::size_type end = mangledName.find('+', begin);
82: if (begin == std::string::npos || end == std::string::npos)
83: {
84: result += mangledName;
85: result += '\n';
86: continue;
87: }
88: ++begin;
89: int status;
90: char* s = abi::__cxa_demangle(mangledName.substr(begin, end-begin).c_str(),
91: NULL, 0, &status);
92: if (status != 0)
93: {
94: result += mangledName;
95: result += '\n';
96: continue;
97: }
98: std::string demangledName(s);
99: free(s);
100: // Ignore ExceptionBase::Init so the top frame is the
101: // user's frame where this exception is thrown.
102: //
103: // Can't just ignore frame#0 because the compiler might
104: // inline ExceptionBase::Init.
105: result += mangledName.substr(0, begin);
106: result += demangledName;
107: result += mangledName.substr(end);
108: result += '\n';
109: }
110: free(strings);
111: return result;
112: }
113:
114: /*
115: * test-main
116: */
117: int f2()
118: {
119: MY_THROW(ExceptionDerived, "f2 throw");
120: }
121: void f1()
122: {
123: try
124: {
125: f2();
126: }
127: catch (ExceptionDerived& e)
128: {
129: cout << e.what() << endl;
130: }
131: }
132: int main()
133: {
134: f1();
135: }
这是函数的实现代码,其他的都比较好理解,67行的GetStackTrace是相对复杂一点的,里面用backtrace函数去获取了当前调用栈的层数,用backtrace_symbols去获取当前调用栈的符号,而且__cxa_demangle函数的使用也值得去看看,这里不再细说了。
117行后展示了一个测试代码,代码虽然定义比较麻烦,不过使用还是很方便的:)。
有什么问题意见欢迎大家指教,回复,站内信都可以
1: class DerivedException : public BaseException
2: {
3: public:
4: MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(DerivedException, BaseException);
5: };
1: MY_THROW(DerivedException)
1: catch (DerivedException& e)
2: {
3: cout<< e.what() << endl;
4: }
1: #ifndef EXCEPTION_TEST
2: #define EXCEPTION_TEST
3:
4: #include <exception>
5: #include <string>
6:
7: #define MY_THROW(ExClass, args...) \
8: do \
9: { \
10: ExClass e(args); \
11: e.Init(__FILE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __LINE__); \
12: throw e; \
13: } \
14: while (false)
15:
16: #define MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(ExClass, Base) \
17: ExClass(const std::string& msg = "") throw() \
18: : Base(msg) \
19: {} \
20: \
21: ~ExClass() throw() {} \
22: \
23: /* override */ std::string GetClassName() const \
24: { \
25: return #ExClass; \
26: }
27:
28: class ExceptionBase : public std::exception
29: {
30: public:
31: ExceptionBase(const std::string& msg = "") throw();
32:
33: virtual ~ExceptionBase() throw();
34:
35: void Init(const char* file, const char* func, int line);
36:
37: virtual std::string GetClassName() const;
38:
39: virtual std::string GetMessage() const;
40:
41: const char* what() const throw();
42:
43: const std::string& ToString() const;
44:
45: std::string GetStackTrace() const;
46:
47: protected:
48: std::string mMsg;
49: const char* mFile;
50: const char* mFunc;
51: int mLine;
52:
53: private:
54: enum { MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE = 50 };
55: void* mStackTrace[MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE];
56: size_t mStackTraceSize;
57: mutable std::string mWhat;
58: };
59:
60: class ExceptionDerived : public ExceptionBase
61: {
62: public:
63: MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(ExceptionDerived, ExceptionBase);
64: };
65:
66: #endif
1: #include <execinfo.h>
2: #include <stdlib.h>
3: #include <cxxabi.h>
4:
5: #include <iostream>
6: #include <sstream>
7:
8: #include "exception_test.h"
9:
10: using namespace std;
11:
12: ExceptionBase::ExceptionBase(const std::string& msg) throw()
13: : mMsg(msg),
14: mFile("<unknown file>"),
15: mFunc("<unknown func>"),
16: mLine(-1),
17: mStackTraceSize(0)
18: {}
19:
20: ExceptionBase::~ExceptionBase() throw()
21: {}
22:
23: void ExceptionBase::Init(const char* file, const char* func, int line)
24: {
25: mFile = file;
26: mFunc = func;
27: mLine = line;
28: mStackTraceSize = backtrace(mStackTrace, MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE);
29: }
30:
31: std::string ExceptionBase::GetClassName() const
32: {
33: return "ExceptionBase";
34: }
35:
36: const char* ExceptionBase::what() const throw()
37: {
38: return ToString().c_str();
39: }
40:
41: const std::string& ExceptionBase::ToString() const
42: {
43: if (mWhat.empty())
44: {
45: stringstream sstr("");
46: if (mLine > 0)
47: {
48: sstr << mFile << "(" << mLine << ")";
49: }
50: sstr << ": " << GetClassName();
51: if (!GetMessage().empty())
52: {
53: sstr << ": " << GetMessage();
54: }
55: sstr << "\nStack Trace:\n";
56: sstr << GetStackTrace();
57: mWhat = sstr.str();
58: }
59: return mWhat;
60: }
61:
62: std::string ExceptionBase::GetMessage() const
63: {
64: return mMsg;
65: }
66:
67: std::string ExceptionBase::GetStackTrace() const
68: {
69: if (mStackTraceSize == 0)
70: return "<No stack trace>\n";
71: char** strings = backtrace_symbols(mStackTrace, 10);
72: if (strings == NULL) // Since this is for debug only thus
73: // non-critical, don't throw an exception.
74: return "<Unknown error: backtrace_symbols returned NULL>\n";
75:
76: std::string result;
77: for (size_t i = 0; i < mStackTraceSize; ++i)
78: {
79: std::string mangledName = strings[i];
80: std::string::size_type begin = mangledName.find('(');
81: std::string::size_type end = mangledName.find('+', begin);
82: if (begin == std::string::npos || end == std::string::npos)
83: {
84: result += mangledName;
85: result += '\n';
86: continue;
87: }
88: ++begin;
89: int status;
90: char* s = abi::__cxa_demangle(mangledName.substr(begin, end-begin).c_str(),
91: NULL, 0, &status);
92: if (status != 0)
93: {
94: result += mangledName;
95: result += '\n';
96: continue;
97: }
98: std::string demangledName(s);
99: free(s);
100: // Ignore ExceptionBase::Init so the top frame is the
101: // user's frame where this exception is thrown.
102: //
103: // Can't just ignore frame#0 because the compiler might
104: // inline ExceptionBase::Init.
105: result += mangledName.substr(0, begin);
106: result += demangledName;
107: result += mangledName.substr(end);
108: result += '\n';
109: }
110: free(strings);
111: return result;
112: }
113:
114: /*
115: * test-main
116: */
117: int f2()
118: {
119: MY_THROW(ExceptionDerived, "f2 throw");
120: }
121: void f1()
122: {
123: try
124: {
125: f2();
126: }
127: catch (ExceptionDerived& e)
128: {
129: cout << e.what() << endl;
130: }
131: }
132: int main()
133: {
134: f1();
135: }