mysql 完整备份和恢复
一、MySQL完整备份操作
1、直接打包数据库文件夹
创建数据库auth:
MariaDB [(none)]> create database auth;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
进入数据库:
MariaDB [(none)]> use auth
Database changed
创建数据表:
MariaDB [auth]> create table user(name char(10)not null,ID int(48));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
插入数据信息:
MariaDB [auth]> insert into user values('crushlinux','123');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
查看数据信息:
MariaDB [auth]> select * from user;
+------------+------+
| name | ID |
+------------+------+
| crushlinux | 123 |
+------------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
对它进行备份
先退出MySQL停库
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop mariadb
直接对它进行打包压缩(新引入一个小命令)
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q xz
xz-5.1.2-9alpha.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir backup // 创建一个文件,把压缩包放进去
[root@localhost ~]# tar Jcf backup/mysql_all-$(date +%F).tar.xz /var/lib/mysql/
tar: 从成员名中删除开头的“/”
模拟数据丢失:
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/auth/
起服务:[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mariadb
恢复数据:
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir restore //虽已创建一个文件
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf backup/mysql_all-2019-10-13.tar.xz -C restore/ 将那个压缩包解压到这个文件里
[root@localhost ~]# cd restore/ //切换到这个文件里查看
[root@localhost restore]# ls
var
[root@localhost restore]# cd var/lib/mysql/ // 继续查看
[root@localhost mysql]# ls
aria_log.00000001 auth ibdata1 ib_logfile1 performance_schema
aria_log_control crushlinux ib_logfile0 mysql test
[root@localhost mysql]# mv auth/ /var/lib/mysql/ //发现有auth,将它移动到/var/lib/mysql/下
登录MySQL查看:
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| auth |
| crushlinux |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [auth]> select * from user;
+------------+------+
| name | ID |
+------------+------+
| crushlinux | 123 |
+------------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2、使用专用备份工具mysqldump
MySQL 自带的备份工具 mysqldump,可以很方便的对MySQL进行备份。通过该命令工具可以将数据库、数据表或全部的库导出为SQL脚本,便于该命令在不同版本的 MySQL务器上使用。例如, 当需要升级 MySQL 服务器时,可以先使用mysqldump命令将原有库信息到导出,然后直接在升级后的MySQL服务器中导入即可。
(1)对单个库进行完全备份
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123 --databases auth > backup/auth-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
[root@localhost ~]# ls backup/
auth-20191013.sql mysql_all-2019-10-13.tar.xz
[root@localhost ~]# grep -Ev "^/|^$|^-" backup/auth-20191013.sql
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `auth` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */;
USE `auth`;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;
CREATE TABLE `user` (
`name` char(10) NOT NULL,
`ID` int(48) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
LOCK TABLES `user` WRITE;
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('crushlinux',123);
UNLOCK TABLES;
(2)对多个库进行完全备份:
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123 --databases auth mysql> backup/auth+mysql-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
[root@localhost ~]# ls backup/
auth-20191013.sql auth+mysql-20191013.sql mysql_all-2019-10-13.tar.xz
(3)对所有库进行完全备份:
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123 --events --opt --all-databases > backup/mysql_all.$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
[root@localhost ~]# ls backup/
auth-20191013.sql mysql_all.20191013.sql
auth+mysql-20191013.sql mysql_all-2019-10-13.tar.xz
(4)对表进行完全备份:
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123 auth user > backup/auth_user-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
[root@localhost ~]# ls backup/
auth-20191013.sql auth_user-20191013.sql mysql_all-2019-10-13.tar.xz
auth+mysql-20191013.sql mysql_all.20191013.sql
[root@localhost ~]# grep -Ev "^/|^$|^-" backup/auth_user-20191013.sql
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;
CREATE TABLE `user` (
`name` char(10) NOT NULL,
`ID` int(48) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
LOCK TABLES `user` WRITE;
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('crushlinux',123);
UNLOCK TABLES;
(5)对表结构的备份
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123 -d auth user > backup/desc_auth_user-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
[root@localhost ~]# grep -Ev "^/|^$|^-" backup/desc_auth_user-20191013.sql
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;
CREATE TABLE `user` (
`name` char(10) NOT NULL,
`ID` int(48) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
二、恢复数据
1、使用source命令
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 8
Server version: 5.5.41-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> drop database auth;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| crushlinux |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
先确定auth的备份的路径:backup/auth-20191013.sql
MariaDB [(none)]> source backup/auth-20191013.sql
MariaDB [auth]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| auth |
| crushlinux |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2、用mysql命令
MariaDB [auth]> drop database auth;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123 < backup/auth-20191013.sql
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| auth |
| crushlinux |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-e后面可以加执行的语句:
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123 -e 'select * from auth.user;'
+------------+------+
| name | ID |
+------------+------+
| crushlinux | 123 |
+------------+------+
三、MySQL备份思路
1、定期实施备份,指定备份计划或策略,并严格遵守.
2、除了进行完全备份,开启 MySQL 服务器的 binlog_日志功能是很重要的(完全备份加上日志,可以对MySQL进行最大化还原)。
3、使用统一和易理解的备份名称,推荐使用库名或者表名加上时间的命名规则,如mysql_user-20181214.sql,不要使用backup1或者abc之类没有意义的名字。
4、定期抽查备份的可靠性,做还原测试或者检查文件大小等方式。
5、通过异地或者跨机房等方式来存放备份数据,防止源数据和备份文件一起损坏。