Q. What is the difference between processes and threads?
A. A process is an execution of a program but a thread is a
single execution sequence within the process. A process can contain
multiple threads. A thread is sometimes called a lightweight process.
A JVM runs in a single process and threads in a JVM share the heap belonging to that process. That is why several threads may access the same object. Threads share the heap and have their own stack space. This is how one thread’s invocation of a method and its local variables are kept thread safe from other threads. But the heap is not thread-safe and must be synchronized for thread safety.
Q. Explain different ways of creating a thread?
A. Threads can be used by either
- Extending the Thread class.
- Implementing the Runnable interface.
- Using the Executor framework(this creates a thread pool)
classCounter extends Thread {//method where the thread execution will startpublicvoidrun(){//logic to execute in a thread}//let’s see how to start the threadspublicstaticvoidmain(String[] args){Thread t1 =newCounter();Thread t2 =newCounter();t1.start();//start the first thread. This calls the run() method.t2.start();//this starts the 2nd thread. This calls the run() method.}}------------------------------------------------------------------------------classCounter extends Base implements Runnable{//method where the thread execution will startpublicvoidrun(){//logic to execute in a thread}//let us see how to start the threadspublicstaticvoidmain(String[] args){Thread t1 =newThread(newCounter());Thread t2 =newThread(newCounter());t1.start();//start the first thread. This calls the run() method.t2.start();//this starts the 2nd thread. This calls the run() method.}}Q. Which one would you prefer and why?
A. The Runnable interface is preferred, as it does not require your object to inherit a thread because when you need multiple inheritance, only interfaces can help you. In the above example we had to extend the Base class so implementing Runnable interface is an obvious choice. Also note how the threads are started in each of the different cases as shown in the code sample. In an OO approach you should only extend a class when you want to make it different from it’s superclass, and change it’s behavior. By implementing a Runnable interface instead of extending the Thread class, you are telling to the user that the class Counter is an object of type Base and will run as a thread.
Q. Briefly explain high-level thread states?
A. The state chart diagram below describes the thread states.
- Runnable — A thread becomes runnable when you call the start( ), but does not necessarily start running immediately. It will be pooled waiting for its turn to be picked for execution by the thread scheduler based on thread priorities.
MyThread aThread =newMyThread();aThread.start();//becomes runnable - Running: The processor is actively executing the thread code. It runs until it becomes blocked, or voluntarily gives up its turn with this static method Thread.yield( ). Because of context switching overhead, yield( ) should not be used very frequently
- Waiting: A thread is in a blocked state while it waits for some external processing such as file I/O to finish.A call to currObject.wait( ) method causes the current thread to wait until some other thread invokes currObject.notify( ) or the currObject.notifyAll( ) is executed.
- Sleeping: Java threads are forcibly put to sleep (suspended) with this overloaded method: Thread.sleep(milliseconds), Thread.sleep(milliseconds, nanoseconds);
- Blocked on I/O: Will move to runnable after I/O condition like reading bytes of data etc changes.
- Blocked on synchronization: will move to Runnable when a lock is acquired.
- Dead: The thread is finished working.
Thread.State enumeration contains the possible states of a Java thread in the underlying JVM.
Q. What is the difference between yield and sleeping? What is the difference between the methods sleep( ) and wait( )?
A. When a task invokes yield( ), it changes from running state to runnable state. When a task invokes sleep (), it changes from running state to waiting/sleeping state.
The method wait(1000), causes the current thread to sleep up to one second. A thread could sleep less than 1 second if it receives the notify( ) or notifyAll( ) method call. The call to sleep(1000) causes the current thread to sleep for 1 second.
Q. How does thread synchronization occurs inside a monitor? What levels of synchronization can you apply? What is the difference between synchronized method and synchronized block?
A. In Java programming, each object has a lock. A thread can acquire the lock for an object by using the synchronized keyword. The synchronized keyword can be applied in method level (coarse grained lock – can affect performance adversely) or block level of code (fine grained lock). Often using a lock on a method level is too coarse. Why lock up a piece of code that does not access any shared resources by locking up an entire method. Since each object has a lock, dummy objects can be created to implement block level synchronization. The block level is more efficient because it does not lock the whole method.
The JVM uses locks in conjunction with monitors. A monitor is basically a guardian who watches over a sequence of synchronized code and making sure only one thread at a time executes a synchronized piece of code. Each monitor is associated with an object reference. When a thread arrives at the first instruction in a block of code it must obtain a lock on the referenced object. The thread is not allowed to execute the code until it obtains the lock. Once it has obtained the lock, the thread enters the block of protected code. When the thread leaves the block, no matter how it leaves the block, it releases the lock on the associated object.
Q. Why synchronization is important?
A. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object’s value. This often causes dirty data and leads to significant errors. The disadvantage of synchronization is that it can cause deadlocks when two threads are waiting on each other to do something. Also synchronized code has the overhead of acquiring lock, which can adversely affect the performance.
Q. What is a ThreadLocal class?
A. ThreadLocal is a handy class for simplifying development of thread-safe concurrent programs by making the object stored in this class not sharable between threads. ThreadLocal class encapsulates non-thread-safe classes to be safely used in a multi-threaded environment and also allows you to create per-thread-singleton.
Q. What is a daemon thread?
A. Daemon threads are sometimes called "service" or “background” threads. These are threads that normally run at a low priority and provide a basic service to a program when activity on a machine is reduced. An example of a daemon thread that is continuously running is the garbage collector thread. The JVM exits whenever all non-daemon threads have completed, which means that all daemon threads are automatically stopped. To make a thread as a daemon thread in JavamyThread.setDaemon(true);The JVM always has a main thread as default. The main thread is always non-daemon. The user threads are created from the main thread, and by default they are non-daemon. If you want to make a user created thread to be daemon (i.e. stops when the main thread stops), use the setDaemon(true) as shown above.
Q. How can threads communicate with each other? How would you implement a producer (one thread) and a consumer (another thread) passing data (via stack)?
A. The wait( ), notify (), and notifyAll( ) methods are used to provide an efficient way for threads to communicate with each other. This communication solves the ‘consumer-producer problem’. This problem occurs when the producer thread is completing work that the other thread (consumer thread) will use.
Example: If you imagine an application in which one thread (the producer) writes data to a file while a second thread (the consumer) reads data from the same file. In this example the concurrent threads share the same resource file. Because these threads share the common resource file they should be synchronized. Also these two threads should communicate with each other because the consumer thread, which reads the file, should wait until the producer thread, which writes data to the file and notifies the consumer thread that it has completed its writing operation.
Let’s look at a sample code where count is a shared resource. The consumer thread will wait inside the consume( ) method on the producer thread, until the producer thread increments the count inside the produce( ) method and subsequently notifies the consumer thread. Once it has been notified, the consumer thread waiting inside the consume( ) method will give up its waiting state and completes its method by consuming the count (i.e. decrementing the count).
Here is a complete working code example on thread communication.
Note: A method calls notify( )/notifyAll( ) as the last thing it does (besides return). Since the consume method was void, the notify( ) was the last statement. If it were to return some value, the notify( ) would have been placed just before the return statement.
Q. Why wait, notify, and notifyall methods are defined in the Object class, and not in the Thread class?
A. Every Java Object has a monitor associated with it. The threads using that object can lock or unlock the monitor associated with the object.Wait and notify/notifyAll methods are responsible for acquiring and relinquishing the lock associated with the particular object. Calling wait causes the current thread to wait to acquire the lock of the Object, and calling notify/notifyAll relinquishes the lock and notify the threads waiting for that lock.
Q. What does join( ) method do?
A. t.join( ) allows the current thread to wait indefinitely until thread “t” is finished. t.join (5000) allows the current thread to wait for thread “t” to finish but does not wait longer than 5 seconds.try{t.join(5000);//current thread waits for thread “t” to complete but does not wait more than 5 secif(t.isAlive()){//timeout occurred. Thread “t” has not finished}else{//thread “t” has finished}}For example, say you need to spawn multiple threads to do the work, and continue to the next step only after all of them have completed, you will need to tell the main thread to wait. this is done with
thread.join()method.
Here is the RunnableTask. The task here is nothing but sleeping for 10 seconds as if some task is being performed. It also prints the thread name and timestamp as to when this task had started
import java.util.Date;publicclassRunnableTask <spanclass="IL_AD"id="IL_AD10">implements</span> Runnable {@Overridepublicvoidrun() {Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();System.out.println(thread.getName() +" at "+newDate());try{Thread.sleep(10000);}catch(InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}The taskmanager manages the tasks by spawing multiple user threads from the main thread. The main thread is always created by default. The user threads 1-3 are run sequentially, i.e. thread-2 starts only after thread-1 completes, and so on. The user threads 4-6 start and executes concurrently.publicclassTaskManager {publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {RunnableTask task =newRunnableTask();//threads 1-3 are run sequentiallyThread thread1 =newThread(task,"Thread-1");Thread thread2 =newThread(task,"Thread-2");Thread thread3 =newThread(task,"Thread-3");thread1.start();//invokes run() on RunnableTaskthread1.join();// main thread blocks (for 10 seconds)thread2.start();//invokes run() on RunnableTaskthread2.join();// main thread blocks (for 10 seconds)thread3.start();//invokes run() on RunnableTaskthread3.join();// main thread blocks (for 10 seconds)Thread thread4 =newThread(task,"Thread-4");Thread thread5 =newThread(task,"Thread-5");Thread thread6 =newThread(task,"Thread-6");thread4.start();//invokes run() on RunnableTaskthread5.start();//invokes run() on RunnableTaskthread6.start();//invokes run() on RunnableTask}}Notice the times of the output. There is a 10 second difference bewteen threads 1-3. But Threads 4-6 started pretty much the same time.Thread-1 at Fri Mar 02 16:59:22 EST 2012Thread-2 at Fri Mar 02 16:59:32 EST 2012Thread-3 at Fri Mar 02 16:59:42 EST 2012Thread-4 at Fri Mar 02 16:59:47 EST 2012Thread-6 at Fri Mar 02 16:59:47 EST 2012Thread-5 at Fri Mar 02 16:59:47 EST 2012Q. If 2 different threads hit 2 different synchronized methods in an object at the same time will they both continue?
A. No. Only one thread can acquire the lock in a synchronized method of an object. Each object has a synchronization lock. No 2 synchronized methods within an object can run at the same time. One synchronized method should wait for the other synchronized method to release the lock. This is demonstrated here with method level lock. Same concept is applicable for block level locks as well.
Q. Explain threads blocking on I/O?
A. Occasionally threads have to block on conditions other than object locks. I/O is the best example of this. Threads block on I/O (i.e. enters the waiting state) so that other threads may execute while the I/O operation is performed. When threads are blocked (say due to time consuming reads or writes) on an I/O call inside an object’s synchronized method and also if the other methods of the object are also synchronized then the object is essentially frozen while the thread is blocked.
Be sure to not synchronize code that makes blocking calls, or make sure that a non-synchronized method exists on an object with synchronized blocking code. Although this technique requires some care to ensure that the resulting code is still thread safe, it allows objects to be responsive to other threads when a thread holding its locks is blocked.
Q. If you have a circular reference of objects, but you no longer reference it from an execution thread, will this object be a potential candidate for garbage collection?
A. Yes. Refer diagram below.
Q. Which of the following is true?
a) wait( ), notify( ) ,notifyall( ) are defined as final & can be called only from within a synchronized method
b) Among wait( ), notify( ), notifyall( ) the wait() method only throws IOException
c) wait( ),notify( ),notifyall( ) & sleep () are methods of object class
A. a and b. The c is wrong because the sleep method is a member of the Thread class.The other methods are members of the Object class.
Q. What are some of the threads related problems and what causes those problems?
A. DeadLock, LiveLock, and Starvation.
Deadlock occurs when two or more threads are blocked forever, waiting for each other. This may occur when two threads, each having a lock on the same resource, attempt to acquire a lock on the other's resource. Each thread would wait indefinitely for the other resource to release the lock, unless one of the user processes is terminated. The thread deadlock can occur in conditions such as:- two threads calling Thread.join() on each other.
- two threads use nested synchronized blocks to lock two objects and blocks lock the same objects in different order.
Starvation and livelock are much less common a problem than deadlock, and it occurs when all threads are blocked, or are otherwise unable to proceed due to unavailability of required resources, and the non-existence of any unblocked thread to make those resources available.
The thread livelock can occur in conditions such as:- all the threads in a program are stuck in infinite loops.
- all the threads in a program execute Object.wait(0) on an object with zero parameter. The program is live-locked and cannot proceed until one or more threads call Object.notify( ) or Object.notifyAll() on the relevant objects. Because all the threads are blocked, neither call can be made.
Starvation describes a situation where a thread is unable to gain regular access to shared resources and is unable to make progress. This happens when shared resources are made unavailable for long periods by "greedy" threads. For example, suppose an object provides a synchronized method that often takes a long time to return. If one thread invokes this method frequently, other threads that also need frequent synchronized access to the same object will often be blocked. The thread starvation can occur in conditions such as:
- one thread cannot access the CPU because one or more other threads are monopolizing the CPU.
- setting thread priorities inappropriately. A lower-priority thread can be starved by higher-priority threads if the higher-priority threads do not yield control of the CPU from time to time.
Q. What happens if you call the run( ) method directly instead of via the start method?
A. Calling run( ) method directly just executes the code synchronously (in the same thread), just like a normal method call. By calling the start( ) method, it starts the execution of the new thread and calls the run( ) method. The start( ) method returns immediately and the new thread normally continues until the run( ) method returns. So, don't make the mistake of calling the run( ) method directly. - Runnable — A thread becomes runnable when you call the start( ), but does not necessarily start running immediately. It will be pooled waiting for its turn to be picked for execution by the thread scheduler based on thread priorities.
