Python3 数据类型-字符串
字符串是 Python 中最常用的数据类型,是一个个字符组成的有序的序列,是字符的集合。
一 字符串定义
创建字符串很简单,可以使用引号('或"或""")来创建字符串,只要为变量分配一个值即可。
实例(Pytho3.0+):
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s1 = 'string' s2 = "string2" s3 = '''this's a "String"''' s4 = 'hello \n magedu.com' print (s4) #hello # magedu.com s5 = r 'hello \n magedu.com' print (s5) #hello \n magedu.com #字符串前面加r,表示的意思是禁止字符转义 s6 = 'c:\windows\nt' print (s6) #c:\windows #t s7 = R "c:\windows\nt" # 字符串前面加r,表示的意思是禁止字符转义 print (s7) #c:\windows\nt s8 = 'c:\windows\\nt' print (s7) #c:\windows\nt # \ 转义字符,去除特殊字符的含义 sql = """select * from user where name='tom'""" |
二 字符串元素访问
索引访问
实例(Python3.0+):
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sql = "select * from user where name='tom'" print (sql[ 4 ]) # 字符串'c' sql[ 4 ] = 'o' # TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment # 错误的,因为字符串是不可变类型 |
序列访问
实例(Python3.0+):
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str1 = "python" for c in str1: print (c) print ( type (c)) # 什么类型,当然还是字符串类型(str) """ p <class 'str'> y <class 'str'> t <class 'str'> h <class 'str'> o <class 'str'> n <class 'str'> """ |
迭代访问
实例(Python3.0+):
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str1 = "python" str1 = list (str1) print (str1) # ['p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n'] |
三 字符串修改
str.replace(old.new[,count]) -> str
- 字符串中找到配皮替换为新字符串,返回新字符串
- count表示替换几次,不指定就是全部替换
实例(Python3.0+):
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str1 = 'www.baidu.com' print (str1.replace( 'www' , 'sss' )) # 'sss.baidu.com' print (str1.replace( 'w' , 's' , 2 )) # 'ssw.baidu.com' |
str.strip([chars]) -> str
- 从字符串两端去除指定的字符集chars中的所有字符
- 如果chars没有指定,去除两端的空白字符及换行符
实例(Python3.0+):
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s = "\r \n\t hello python \n \t" print (s.strip()) #"hello python" s = "i am very very very sorry" print (s.strip( 'iy' )) #" am very very very sorr" |
str.lstrip([chars]) -> str
- 从左开始去除指定的字符集chars中的所有字符
- 如果chars没有指定,去除左边的空白字符及换行符
实例(Python3.0+):
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s = "i am very very very sorry" print (s.lstrip( 'iy' )) #" am very very very sorry" |
str.rstrip([chars]) -> str
- 从右开始去除指定的字符集chars中的所有字符
- 如果chars没有指定,去除右边的空白字符及换行符
实例(Python3.0+):
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s = "i am very very very sorry" print (s.rstrip( 'iy' )) #"i am very very very sorr" |
四 字符串查找
str.find(sub,[,start[,end]]) -> int
- 在指定的区间(start,end),从左到右,查找子串sub,找到返回索引,没找到返回-1
实例(Python3.0+):
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s = "i am very very very sorry" print (s.find( 'very' )) # 5 print (s.find( 'very' , 5 )) # 从索引5开始查找 # 5 print (s.find( 'very' , 6 , 13 )) # 从索引6到13间查找 # -1 |
str.rfind(sub,[,start[,end]]) -> int
- 在指定的区间(start,end),从右到左,查找子串sub,找到返回索引,没找到返回-1
实例(Python3.0+):
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s = "i am very very very sorry" print (s.rfind( 'very' , 10 )) print (s.rfind( 'very' , 10 , 15 )) print (s.rfind( 'very' , - 10 , - 1 )) # 15 print (s.rfind( 'very' , - 1 , - 10 ) ) # -1 |
str.index(sub[,start[,end]]) -> int
- 在指定的区间(start,end),从左到右,查找子串sub,找到返回索引,没找到抛出异常ValueError
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一般情况下查找字符串不适用index,返回异常不容易处理,会导致程序崩溃
实例(Python3.0+):
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s = "i am very very very sorry" print (s.index( 'very' )) # 5 索引从0开始 print (s.index( 'very' , 5 ) ) print (s.index( 'very' , 6 , 13 )) |
str.rindex(sub[,start[,end]]) -> int
- 在指定的区间(start,end),从右到左,查找子串sub,找到返回索引,没找到抛出异常ValueError
- 一般情况下查找字符串不适用index,返回异常不容易处理,会导致程序崩溃
实例(Python3.0+):
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s = "i am very very very sorry" print (s.rindex( 'very' , 10 )) print (s.rindex( 'very' , 10 , 15 )) print (s.rindex( 'very' , - 10 , - 1 )) # 15 print (s.rindex( 'very' , - 1 , - 10 )) # -1 |
str.count(sub[,start[,end]]) -> int
- 在指定的区间(start,end),从左到右,统计子串sub出现的次数
实例(Python3.0+):
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s = 'I am very very very sorry' print (s.count( 'very' )) # 3 print (s.count( 'very' , 5 )) # 3 print (s.count( 'very' , 5 , 14 )) # 2 |
五 字符串判断
str.endswith(suffix[,start[,end]]) -> bool
- 在指定区间(start,end),字符串是否是suffix结尾
str.startswith(suffix[,start[,end]]) -> bool
- 在指定区间(start,end),字符串是否是suffix开头
实例(Python3.0+):
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s = "i am very very very sorry" """ 首先打印出每个字符的索引: 方法1: num = 0 for i in s: print(num,"-",i,end="") num +=1 # 0 - i 1 - 2 - a 3 - m 4 - 5 - v 6 - e 7 - r 8 - y 9 - 10 - v 11 - e 12 - r 13 - y 14 - 15 - v 16 - e 17 - r 18 - y 19 - 20 - s 21 - o 22 - r 23 - r 24 - y 方法2: for i,j in enumerate(s): print(i,"-",j,end=" ") # 0 - i 1 - 2 - a 3 - m 4 - 5 - v 6 - e 7 - r 8 - y 9 - 10 - v 11 - e 12 - r 13 - y 14 - 15 - v 16 - e 17 - r 18 - y 19 - 20 - s 21 - o 22 - r 23 - r 24 - y """ print (s.startswith( 'very' )) # False print (s.startswith( 'very' , 5 )) # True print (s.startswith( 'very' , 5 , 9 )) # True print (s.endswith( 'very' , 5 , - 1 )) # False print (s.endswith( 'very' , 5 , 100 )) # True |
is系列
六 字符串切割
str.split(sep=None,maxsplit=-1) -> list of
- 从左到右
- seq指定分割字符串,缺省的情况下空白字符串(一个或多个空白字符)作为分隔符
- maxsplit指定分割的次数,-1表示遍历整个字符串(默认是-1)
实例(Python3.0+):
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s1 = "i'm \ta super student" print (s1.split()) # ["i'm", 'a', 'super', 'student'] # \t 在默认的情况下被当成分隔符(\t表示Tab键) print (s1.split( ' ' )) # ["i'm", '\ta', 'super', 'student'] print (s1.split( ' ' , maxsplit = 2 )) # ["i'm", '\ta', 'super student'] print (s1.split( '\t' , maxsplit = 2 )) # ["i'm ", 'a super student'] |
str.rsplit(sep=None,maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
- 从右往左切割
- sep指定分割字符串,缺省的情况下空白字符串作为分隔符
- maxsplit指定分割次数,-1表示遍历整个字符串(默认是-1)
实例(Python3.0+):
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s1 = "i'm \ta super student" print (s1.rsplit()) # ["i'm", 'a', 'super', 'student'] # \t 在默认的情况下被当成分隔符 print (s1.rsplit( 'super' )) # ["i'm \ta ", 'uper ', 'tudent'] print (s1.rsplit( ' ' )) # ["i'm", '\ta', 'super', 'student'] print (s1.rsplit( ' ' , maxsplit = 2 )) #或 print(s1.rsplit(' ', 2)) # ["i'm", '\ta', 'super student'] maxsplit可以省却,直接写值 print (s1.rsplit( '\t' , maxsplit = 2 )) # ["i'm ", 'a super student'] |
str.splitlins([keepnds]) -> list of strings
- 按照行来切割字符串
- keepends指的是是否保留行分割符,默认不保留分隔符
- 行分割符包括\n \r\n \r等
实例(Python3.0+):
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str1 = 'ab c\n\nde fg\rkl\r\n' print (str1.splitlines()) #['ab c', '', 'de fg', 'kl'] print (str1.splitlines( True )) #['ab c\n', '\n', 'de fg\r', 'kl\r\n'] s1 = """i'm a super student. you're a super teacher.""" print (s1) #i'm a super student. #you're a super teacher. print (s1.splitlines()) #["i'm a super student.", "you're a super teacher."] print (s1.splitlines( True )) #["i'm a super student.\n", "you're a super teacher."] |
str.partition(sep) -> (head,sep,tail)
- 从左至右,遇到分隔符就把字符串分割成两部分,返回头、分隔符、尾三部分的三元组;如果没有找到分隔符,就返回头、2个空元素的三元组
- sep 分隔字符串,必须指定
实例(Python3.0+):
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s1 = "i'm a super student" print (s1.partition( 's' )) # ("i'm a","s","uper student") print (s1.partition( ' ' )) #("i'm", ' ', 'a super student') print (s1.partition( 'abc' )) # ("i'm a super student",'','') |
str.rpartition(sep) -> (head,sep,tail)
- 从右到左,遇到分隔符就把字符串分割成两部分,返回头、分隔符、尾三部分的三元组;如果没有找到分隔符,就返回头、2个空元素的三元组
- sep 分隔字符串,必须指定
实例(Python3.0+):
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str1 = "I am supper student" print (str1.rpartition( " " )) # ('I am supper', ' ', 'student') |
七 字符串大小写
str.upper()
- 把字符串中的字符转换成大写
实例(Python3.0+):
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str1 = "i am a supper student" print (str1.upper()) # I AM A SUPPER STUDENT |
str.lower()
- 把字符串中的字符转换成小写
- 只能转换26个英文字母,特殊字符无法转换
实例(Python3.0+):
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str1 = "I AM A SUPPER STUDENT" print (str1.lower()) # i am a supper student |
str.casefold()
- 把字符串中的字符转换成小写
- 比之lower,可以转换特殊字符
实例(Python3.0+):
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S1 = "Runoob EXAMPLE....WOW!!!" # 英文 S2 = "ß" # 德语 print (S1.lower()) # runoob example....wow!!! print (S1.casefold()) # runoob example....wow!!! print (S2.lower()) # ß print (S2.casefold()) # 德语的"ß"正确的小写是"ss" # ss |
str.swapcase()
- 把字符串中的大写转换成小写,小写字符转换成大写
实例(Python3.0+):
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str1 = "I Am A Supper Student" print (str1.swapcase()) #i aM a sUPPER sTUDENT |
八 字符串排版
str.title() -> str
- 标题的每个单词首字母大写
str.capitalize() -> str
- 首个字母大写
实例(Python3.0+):
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str1 = "i am supper student" print (str1.title()) #I Am Supper Student print (str1.capitalize()) #I am supper student |
center(width[,fillchar]) -> str
- width 打印宽度
- fillchar 填充的字符
实例(Python3.0+):
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s1 = 'abc' print (s1.center( 50 , '#' )) #'#######################abc########################' |
zfill(width) -> str
- width 打印宽度,居右,左边用0填充
实例(Python3.0+):
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s1 = 'abc' print (s1.zfill( 50 )) '00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000abc' |
ljust(width[,fillchar]) -> str
- width 打印宽度,左对齐,右边默认空格填充
- fillchar 填充字符
实例(Python3.0+):
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s1 = "abc" print (s1.ljust( 20 )) #"abc " print (s1.ljust( 20 , "*" )) #abc***************** |
rjust(width[,fillchar]) -> str
- width 打印宽度,右对齐,左边默认空格填充
- fillchar 填充字符
实例(Python3.0+):
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s1 = 'abc' print (s1.rjust( 20 )) #" abc" print (s1.rjust( 50 , "$" )) #'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$abc' |