TCP/IP Checksum 吐槽

算法原理:

假定 output[2] 为输出结果,input[n]为待计算校验和的内存块。

1)所有奇数位[0,2,4……] byte 累加进 结果的奇数位内存 output[0],如果溢出,则进位给偶数位的 output[1];

2)所有偶数位[1,3,5……] byte 累加进 结果的偶数位内存 output[1],如果溢出,则进位给奇数位的 output[0];

3)最后对 output[2] 求反码即可

示例代码

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import struct
import sys

def ip_cksum(s):
    
    a = 0
    b = 0

    #  偶数序号的  unsigned char 互相累加
    for i in xrange(0, len(s), 2):
        a += struct.unpack('B', s[i])[0]

    # 奇数序号的 unsigned char 互相累加
    for i in xrange(1, len(s), 2):
        b += struct.unpack('B', s[i])[0]


    # 缩小值为 unsigned char
    while a > 256 or b > 256:
        b += a/256 # a 超过 byte 的部分进位给 b
        a = a%256

        a += b/256 # b 超过 byte 的部分进位给 a
        b = b%256

    # 取反
    a = ~a & 0xff
    b = ~b & 0xff
    
    # 校验和作为字符串
    v = chr(a) + chr(b)
    
    # 校验和作为 unsigned short
    v = struct.unpack('H', v)[0]
    
    return v


if __name__ == '__main__':
    for i in sys.argv[1:]:
        print ip_cksum(i)
View Code

 

关于TCP/IP 校验和计算的代码,网上很多,但不少都有些问题,这里作一番简单分析

1.最尾部 byte 处理依赖机序

来自 http://locklessinc.com/articles/tcp_checksum/ 的 C 代码片段:

 1 unsigned short checksum1(const char *buf, unsigned size)
 2 {
 3     unsigned sum = 0;
 4     int i;
 5 
 6     /* Accumulate checksum */
 7     for (i = 0; i < size - 1; i += 2)
 8     {
 9         unsigned short word16 = *(unsigned short *) &buf[i];
10         sum += word16;
11     }
12 
13     /* Handle odd-sized case */
14     if (size & 1)
15     {
16         unsigned short word16 = (unsigned char) buf[i];
17         sum += word16;
18     }
19 
20     /* Fold to get the ones-complement result */
21     while (sum >> 16) sum = (sum & 0xFFFF)+(sum >> 16);
22 
23     /* Invert to get the negative in ones-complement arithmetic */
24     return ~sum;
25 }

注意第16行,对于buffer 长度非偶数情况的处理, 导致此代码只可在 Little-Endian (如x86) 机器上运行。只需对最后一个 byte 补一个’\0'的 byte,凑够两个 byte 然后转为 unsinged short 相加即可。

2.多内存块的计算

来自 python 网络包创建、解析库 dpkt 的代码 dpkt.py

 1 try:
 2     import dnet
 3     def in_cksum_add(s, buf):
 4         return dnet.ip_cksum_add(buf, s)
 5     def in_cksum_done(s):
 6         return socket.ntohs(dnet.ip_cksum_carry(s))
 7 except ImportError:
 8     import array
 9     def in_cksum_add(s, buf):
10         n = len(buf)
11         cnt = (n / 2) * 2
12         a = array.array('H', buf[:cnt])
13         if cnt != n:
14             a.append(struct.unpack('H', buf[-1] + '\x00')[0])
15         return s + sum(a)
16     def in_cksum_done(s):
17         s = (s >> 16) + (s & 0xffff)
18         s += (s >> 16)
19         return socket.ntohs(~s & 0xffff)

它这里会有两个实现,一个是调用dnet库的实现(见2-6行),一个是用python自己实现的版本(见8-19行)。
dnet 库是 C 实现的一个库,但和 dpkt 库是同一个作者,这里都有一个共同的问题:对于 in_cksum_add 进的内存块,如果为奇数长度,则尾部会追加一个byte '\x00' (见14行),这里就导致了问题。其实呢,尾部的那个 byte 应该留给下一个接下来的内存块一起计算,当且仅当所有的内存块都处理完毕(即 in_cksum_done 时),多余一个 byte 时才该追加 byte '\x00'。

3.经典的实现

来自 wireshark 的 in_cksum.c

  1 /*
  2  * Checksum routine for Internet Protocol family headers (Portable Version).
  3  *
  4  * This routine is very heavily used in the network
  5  * code and should be modified for each CPU to be as fast as possible.
  6  */
  7 
  8 #define ADDCARRY(x)  {if ((x) > 65535) (x) -= 65535;}
  9 #define REDUCE {l_util.l = sum; sum = l_util.s[0] + l_util.s[1]; ADDCARRY(sum);}
 10 
 11 int
 12 in_cksum(const vec_t *vec, int veclen)
 13 {
 14     register const guint16 *w;
 15     register int sum = 0;
 16     register int mlen = 0;
 17     int byte_swapped = 0;
 18 
 19     union {
 20         guint8    c[2];
 21         guint16    s;
 22     } s_util;
 23     union {
 24         guint16 s[2];
 25         guint32    l;
 26     } l_util;
 27 
 28     for (; veclen != 0; vec++, veclen--) {
 29         if (vec->len == 0)
 30             continue;
 31         w = (const guint16 *)(const void *)vec->ptr;
 32         if (mlen == -1) {
 33             /*
 34              * The first byte of this chunk is the continuation
 35              * of a word spanning between this chunk and the
 36              * last chunk.
 37              *
 38              * s_util.c[0] is already saved when scanning previous
 39              * chunk.
 40              */
 41             s_util.c[1] = *(const guint8 *)w;
 42             sum += s_util.s;
 43             w = (const guint16 *)(const void *)((const guint8 *)w + 1);
 44             mlen = vec->len - 1;
 45         } else
 46             mlen = vec->len;
 47         /*
 48          * Force to even boundary.
 49          */
 50         if ((1 & (unsigned long) w) && (mlen > 0)) {
 51             REDUCE;
 52             sum <<= 8;
 53             s_util.c[0] = *(const guint8 *)w;
 54             w = (const guint16 *)(const void *)((const guint8 *)w + 1);
 55             mlen--;
 56             byte_swapped = 1;
 57         }
 58         /*
 59          * Unroll the loop to make overhead from
 60          * branches &c small.
 61          */
 62         while ((mlen -= 32) >= 0) {
 63             sum += w[0]; sum += w[1]; sum += w[2]; sum += w[3];
 64             sum += w[4]; sum += w[5]; sum += w[6]; sum += w[7];
 65             sum += w[8]; sum += w[9]; sum += w[10]; sum += w[11];
 66             sum += w[12]; sum += w[13]; sum += w[14]; sum += w[15];
 67             w += 16;
 68         }
 69         mlen += 32;
 70         while ((mlen -= 8) >= 0) {
 71             sum += w[0]; sum += w[1]; sum += w[2]; sum += w[3];
 72             w += 4;
 73         }
 74         mlen += 8;
 75         if (mlen == 0 && byte_swapped == 0)
 76             continue;
 77         REDUCE;
 78         while ((mlen -= 2) >= 0) {
 79             sum += *w++;
 80         }
 81         if (byte_swapped) {
 82             REDUCE;
 83             sum <<= 8;
 84             byte_swapped = 0;
 85             if (mlen == -1) {
 86                 s_util.c[1] = *(const guint8 *)w;
 87                 sum += s_util.s;
 88                 mlen = 0;
 89             } else
 90                 mlen = -1;
 91         } else if (mlen == -1)
 92             s_util.c[0] = *(const guint8 *)w;
 93     }
 94     if (mlen == -1) {
 95         /* The last mbuf has odd # of bytes. Follow the
 96            standard (the odd byte may be shifted left by 8 bits
 97            or not as determined by endian-ness of the machine) */
 98         s_util.c[1] = 0;
 99         sum += s_util.s;
100     }
101     REDUCE;
102     return (~sum & 0xffff);
103 }

1)92行是当前内存块还余一个 byte ,则会 s_util 等待下个内存卡再处理——恰当的处理前面提到的第二个问题

2)94行是所有内存块处理完毕后,对尾部最后一个 byte 的处理 ——恰当的处理了前面提到的第一个问题

3)看点:指针非对齐的情况下处理

50行会先将未对其的1个 byte 暂存,这样可迫使指针对齐,但又为了让同奇位、同偶位内存相加,所以使 sum<<8;81行,如果前面sum是已经左移过的,则再次 sum<<8,让sum回归最初的奇偶次序

注:REDUCE 宏实现的功能是将大于 short 的值(即大于65535)转化为 short 能表示的值.

 

posted on 2013-06-22 22:45  JesseFang  阅读(2257)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报