偶然看到网上的一篇文章，Treating configuration as code with Python’s import hooks（http://www.taricorp.net/2012/treating-configuration-as-code-with-pythons-import-hook），借助python的import hooks来实现一种新颖的读取配置文件信息的方法，感觉这种想法很不错。其中展现了imp、sys.meta_path、sys.modules的应用，值得一读。
现将其转载，期望更多的人能看到。
Treating configuration as code with Python’s import hooks
Rationale
I was reading up on web frameworks available when programming in Haskell earlier today, and I liked the use of domain-specific languages (DSLs) within frameworks such as the routing syntax in Yesod. Compared to how routes are specified in Django (as a similar example that I’m already familiar with), the DSL is both easier to read (because it doesn’t need to be valid code in the hosting language) and faster (since it ends up getting compiled into the application as properly executable code).
A pattern I find myself using rather often in Python projects is to have a small module (usually called config) that encapsulates an INI-style configuration file. It feels like an ugly solution though, since it generally just exports a ConfigParser instance. Combined with consideration of DSLs in Haskell, that got me thinking: what if there were an easier way that made INI configuration files act like Python source such that they could just be imported and have the contents of the file exposed as simple Python types (thus hiding some unnecessary complexity)?
Implementation
I was aware of Python’s import hook mechanisms, so I figured that it should be a good way to approach this problem, and it ended up being a good excuse to learn more about the import hook mechanism. Thus, the following code provides a way to expose INI-style configuration as Python modules. It should be compatible with Python 3 after changing the import of ConfigParser on line 1 to configparser, but I only tested it on Python 2.7.
import ConfigParser, imp, os, sys class INILoader(object): def __init__(self, prefix): self.prefix = prefix def load_module(self, name): if name in sys.modules: return sys.modules[name] module = imp.new_module(name) if name == self.prefix: # 'from config import foo' gets config then config.foo, # so we need a dummy package. module.__package__ = name module.__path__ = [] module.__file__ = __file__ else: # Try to find a .ini file module.__package__, _, fname = name.rpartition('.') fname += '.ini' module.__file__ = fname if not os.path.isfile(fname): raise ImportError("Could not find a .ini file matching " + name) else: load_ini_module(fname, module) sys.modules[name] = module return module def find_module(self, name, path=None): if name.startswith(self.prefix): return self else: return None def load_ini_module(f, m): """Load ini-style file ``f`` into module ``m``.""" cp = ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser() cp.read(f) for section in cp.sections(): setattr(m, section, dict(cp.items(section))) def init(package='config'): """Install the ini import hook for the given virtual package name.""" sys.meta_path.append(INILoader(package))
Most of this code should be fairly easy to follow. The magic of the import hook itself is all in the INILoader class, and exactly how that works is specified in PEP 302.
Usage
So how do you use this? Basically, you must simply run init(), then any imports from the specified package (config by default) will be resolved from an .ini file rather than an actual Python module. Sections in a file are exposed as dictionaries under the module.
An example is much more informative than the preceding short description, so here’s one. I put the code on my Python path as INIImport.py and created foo.ini with the following contents:
[cat] sound=meow [dog] sound=woof [cow] sound=moo
It has three sections, each describing an animal. Now I load up a Python console and use it:
>>> import INIImport
>>> INIImport.init()
>>> from config import foo
>>> foo.cat
{'sound': 'meow'}
>>> foo.dog['sound']
'woof'
This has the same semantics as a normal Python module, so it can be reloaded or aliased just like any other module:
>>> import config.foo >>> foo == config.foo True >>> reload(config.foo) <module 'config.foo' from 'foo.ini'>
The ability to reload this module is particularly handy, because my normal configuration module approach doesn’t provide an easy way to reload the file.
Improvements, Limitations
Some addition improvements come to mind if I were to release this experiment as production-quality code. Notably, additional path manipulations for finding .ini files would be useful, such as taking a path argument to init(), supplying a set of directories to search within. Having a way to remove the import hook that it installs would also be good, and straightforward to implement. There’s no way to get all the sections in the module, so it would also be useful to export the sections somehow– perhaps by having the module support the mapping protocol (so all the sections could be retrieved with module.items(), for example).
The main limitation of this scheme is that it has no way to determine the desired type of loaded configuration values, so everything is a string. This is a typical limitation when using the ConfigParser module, but compared to a more robust configuration scheme such as defining objects in a Python file (such as Django does), this might be an annoying loss of expressiveness. The values can always be coerced to the required type when retrieving them, but that’s a bit of unnecessary extra code in whatever uses the configuration.
It may also be useful to provide a way to write configuration back to a file when modifying a config module, but my simplistic implementation makes no attempt at such. Doing so would not be terribly difficult, just involving some wrapper objects to handle member assignment for sections and items, then providing a mechanism for saving the current values back to the original file.
Postlude
This made for an interesting experiment, and it should be a handy example for how to implement import hooks in Python. You may use this code freely within your own work, but I’d appreciate if you leave a note here that it was useful, and link back to this post.
