Applied Cryptography(1)——对称加密(Symmetric Ciphers)
对称加密(Symmetric Ciphers)
1. Cryptology, Symmetric Cryptography & Corretness Property
cryptography comes from Greek with crypto means "hidden, secret" and graphy means "writing". A broader definition is cryptology with Greek "-logy" means "science".
对称加密即使各方都用同一个Key来加密解密
正确性:\(D_k(E_k(m)) = m\)
2. Kerchoff's Principle & xor-function
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Kerchoff's Principle:加密系统中仅有Key需要保密,公开加密函数与解密函数并不会影响安全性。
-
xor-function的性质
- 真值表
- Distributivity: \(x \bigoplus (y \bigoplus z) = (x \bigoplus )y \bigoplus z\)
- Commutativity: \(x \bigoplus y = y \bigoplus x\)
- Negation: \(x \bigoplus 1 = \overline{x}\)
- Identity: \(x \bigoplus x = 0\)
- 真值表
3. 一次性密码本 One-Time Pad
古典密码学中的一种加密算法,以随机的密钥组成明文,且只使用一次。
香农证明在理论上,该加密方法具有完善保密性(perfect cipher)。
5. Secret Sharing
可通过异或操作进行Secret Sharing
6. Perfect Cipher
密文不提供任何关于明文的信息
\[P[m = m^∗ | E_k(m) = c] = P[m = m^∗]
\]
- malleable cipher :
- impractical cipher : 密钥长度大于等于明文长度\[|K| \geq |M| \]
- Shannon's Keyspace Theorem : Every perfect cipher is impractical.
7. Monoalphabetic Substitution Cipher(Toy-Cipher)
The Monoalphabetic Substitution Cipher (Toy-Cipher) is imperfect for a minimum message
length of 19
密钥共有\(26!\)种情况,n位长度的明文具有\(26^n\)种可能性,当\(n \geq 19\)时,便不能针对每一串明文使用不同的密钥,所以失去了完善保密性。
8. Lorenz Cipher Machine
Enigma
Lorenz
9. Modern Symmetric Ciphers
现代对称密码:
- 流密码(Stream Cipher)
- 块密码(Block Cipher)
- Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)
- Data Encryption Standard(DES)