Applied Cryptography(1)——对称加密(Symmetric Ciphers)

对称加密(Symmetric Ciphers)

1. Cryptology, Symmetric Cryptography & Corretness Property

cryptography comes from Greek with crypto means "hidden, secret" and graphy means "writing". A broader definition is cryptology with Greek "-logy" means "science".

对称加密即使各方都用同一个Key来加密解密

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正确性:\(D_k(E_k(m)) = m\)

2. Kerchoff's Principle & xor-function

  • Kerchoff's Principle:加密系统中仅有Key需要保密,公开加密函数与解密函数并不会影响安全性。

  • xor-function的性质

    • 真值表
      img
    • Distributivity: \(x \bigoplus (y \bigoplus z) = (x \bigoplus )y \bigoplus z\)
    • Commutativity: \(x \bigoplus y = y \bigoplus x\)
    • Negation: \(x \bigoplus 1 = \overline{x}\)
    • Identity: \(x \bigoplus x = 0\)

3. 一次性密码本 One-Time Pad

古典密码学中的一种加密算法,以随机的密钥组成明文,且只使用一次。

香农证明在理论上,该加密方法具有完善保密性(perfect cipher)。

5. Secret Sharing

可通过异或操作进行Secret Sharing

6. Perfect Cipher

密文不提供任何关于明文的信息

\[P[m = m^∗ | E_k(m) = c] = P[m = m^∗] \]

  • malleable cipher :
    img
  • impractical cipher : 密钥长度大于等于明文长度

    \[|K| \geq |M| \]

  • Shannon's Keyspace Theorem : Every perfect cipher is impractical.

7. Monoalphabetic Substitution Cipher(Toy-Cipher)

The Monoalphabetic Substitution Cipher (Toy-Cipher) is imperfect for a minimum message
length of 19

密钥共有\(26!\)种情况,n位长度的明文具有\(26^n\)种可能性,当\(n \geq 19\)时,便不能针对每一串明文使用不同的密钥,所以失去了完善保密性。

8. Lorenz Cipher Machine

Enigma
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Lorenz
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9. Modern Symmetric Ciphers

现代对称密码:

  • 流密码(Stream Cipher)
  • 块密码(Block Cipher)
    • Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)
    • Data Encryption Standard(DES)
posted @ 2022-11-12 11:44  S!no  阅读(116)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报