排序算法学习(归并排序)
1.介绍
归并排序(Merge sort)是建立在归并操作上的一种有效的排序算法。
该算法是采用分治法(Divide and Conquer)的一个非常典型的应用。
作为一种典型的分而治之思想的算法应用,归并排序的实现由两种方法:
第一种:自上而下的递归(所有递归的方法都可以用迭代重写,所以就有了第 2 种方法);
第二种:自下而上的迭代;
在《数据结构与算法 JavaScript 描述》中,作者给出了自下而上的迭代方法。但是对于递归法,作者却认为:
However, it is not possible to do so in JavaScript, as the recursion goes too deep for the language to handle.
然而,在 JavaScript 中这种方式不太可行,因为这个算法的递归深度对它来讲太深了。
说实话,我不太理解这句话。意思是 JavaScript 编译器内存太小,递归太深容易造成内存溢出吗?
还望有大神能够指教。和选择排序一样,归并排序的性能不受输入数据的影响,但表现比选择排序好的多,
因为始终都是 O(nlogn) 的时间复杂度。代价是需要额外的内存空间。
2.步骤
第一步:申请空间,使其大小为两个已经排序序列之和,该空间用来存放合并后的序列;
第二步:设定两个指针,最初位置分别为两个已经排序序列的起始位置;
第三步:比较两个指针所指向的元素,选择相对小的元素放入到合并空间,并移动指针到下一位置;
第四步:重复步骤 3 直到某一指针达到序列尾;
第五步:将另一序列剩下的所有元素直接复制到合并序列尾。
3.JavaScript实现
function mergeSort(arr) { // 采用自上而下的递归方法
var len = arr.length;
if(len < 2) {
return arr;
}
var middle = Math.floor(len / 2),
left = arr.slice(0, middle),
right = arr.slice(middle);
return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right));
}
function merge(left, right)
{
var result = [];
while (left.length && right.length) {
if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
result.push(left.shift());
} else {
result.push(right.shift());
}
}
while (left.length)
result.push(left.shift());
while (right.length)
result.push(right.shift());
return result;
}
总结:归并算法我理解的实现
第一步:其实是merge方法,写法是定义两个数组,如果两个数组都存在,
拿各自第一个元素,比较后把小的放到定义的另一个数组里面(也就是额外的内存空间)
不是都存在,就那其中一方了
第二步:mergeSort方法,不停的拆分左右数组,直到只有1个元素(所谓的递归就是递归了merge方法)
注:其实内部实现感觉也挺复杂,可以上手试试代码
4.Python实现
def mergeSort(arr):
import math
if(len(arr)<2):
return arr
middle = math.floor(len(arr)/2)
left, right = arr[0:middle], arr[middle:]
return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))
def merge(left,right):
result = []
while left and right:
if left[0] <= right[0]:
result.append(left.pop(0))
else:
result.append(right.pop(0));
while left:
result.append(left.pop(0))
while right:
result.append(right.pop(0));
return result
5.Go实现
func mergeSort(arr []int) []int {
length := len(arr)
if length < 2 {
return arr
}
middle := length / 2
left := arr[0:middle]
right := arr[middle:]
return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))
}
func merge(left []int, right []int) []int {
var result []int
for len(left) != 0 && len(right) != 0 {
if left[0] <= right[0] {
result = append(result, left[0])
left = left[1:]
} else {
result = append(result, right[0])
right = right[1:]
}
}
for len(left) != 0 {
result = append(result, left[0])
left = left[1:]
}
for len(right) != 0 {
result = append(result, right[0])
right = right[1:]
}
return result
}
6.Java实现
public class MergeSort implements IArraySort {
@Override
public int[] sort(int[] sourceArray) throws Exception {
// 对 arr 进行拷贝,不改变参数内容
int[] arr = Arrays.copyOf(sourceArray, sourceArray.length);
if (arr.length < 2) {
return arr;
}
int middle = (int) Math.floor(arr.length / 2);
int[] left = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, 0, middle);
int[] right = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, middle, arr.length);
return merge(sort(left), sort(right));
}
protected int[] merge(int[] left, int[] right) {
int[] result = new int[left.length + right.length];
int i = 0;
while (left.length > 0 && right.length > 0) {
if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
result[i++] = left[0];
left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
} else {
result[i++] = right[0];
right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
}
}
while (left.length > 0) {
result[i++] = left[0];
left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
}
while (right.length > 0) {
result[i++] = right[0];
right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
}
return result;
}
}
7.PHP实现
function mergeSort($arr)
{
$len = count($arr);
if ($len < 2) {
return $arr;
}
$middle = floor($len / 2);
$left = array_slice($arr, 0, $middle);
$right = array_slice($arr, $middle);
return merge(mergeSort($left), mergeSort($right));
}
function merge($left, $right)
{
$result = [];
while (count($left) > 0 && count($right) > 0) {
if ($left[0] <= $right[0]) {
$result[] = array_shift($left);
} else {
$result[] = array_shift($right);
}
}
while (count($left))
$result[] = array_shift($left);
while (count($right))
$result[] = array_shift($right);
return $result;
}
8.C++实现(迭代版)
template<typename T> // 整數或浮點數皆可使用,若要使用物件(class)時必須設定"小於"(<)的運算子功能
void merge_sort(T arr[], int len) {
T *a = arr;
T *b = new T[len];
for (int seg = 1; seg < len; seg += seg) {
for (int start = 0; start < len; start += seg + seg) {
int low = start, mid = min(start + seg, len), high = min(start + seg + seg, len);
int k = low;
int start1 = low, end1 = mid;
int start2 = mid, end2 = high;
while (start1 < end1 && start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start1] < a[start2] ? a[start1++] : a[start2++];
while (start1 < end1)
b[k++] = a[start1++];
while (start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start2++];
}
T *temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
if (a != arr) {
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
b[i] = a[i];
b = a;
}
delete[] b;
}
9.C++实现(递归版)
void Merge(vector<int> &Array, int front, int mid, int end) {
// preconditions:
// Array[front...mid] is sorted
// Array[mid+1 ... end] is sorted
// Copy Array[front ... mid] to LeftSubArray
// Copy Array[mid+1 ... end] to RightSubArray
vector<int> LeftSubArray(Array.begin() + front, Array.begin() + mid + 1);
vector<int> RightSubArray(Array.begin() + mid + 1, Array.begin() + end + 1);
int idxLeft = 0, idxRight = 0;
LeftSubArray.insert(LeftSubArray.end(), numeric_limits<int>::max());
RightSubArray.insert(RightSubArray.end(), numeric_limits<int>::max());
// Pick min of LeftSubArray[idxLeft] and RightSubArray[idxRight], and put into Array[i]
for (int i = front; i <= end; i++) {
if (LeftSubArray[idxLeft] < RightSubArray[idxRight]) {
Array[i] = LeftSubArray[idxLeft];
idxLeft++;
} else {
Array[i] = RightSubArray[idxRight];
idxRight++;
}
}
}
void MergeSort(vector<int> &Array, int front, int end) {
if (front >= end)
return;
int mid = (front + end) / 2;
MergeSort(Array, front, mid);
MergeSort(Array, mid + 1, end);
Merge(Array, front, mid, end);
}
学习来源:https://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/merge-sort.html