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对单例模式的理解

【零】引入

【1】前言

  • 我们知道,经典设计模式总共有 23 种,但其中只有少数几种被广泛采用。
  • 根据我的工作经验,实际常用的可能不超过其中的一半。
  • 如果随机找一位程序员,并要求他列举出自己最熟悉的三种设计模式,那么单例模式肯定会是其中之一,这也是今天我们要讨论的。

【2】为什么要单例模式

  • 单例设计模式(Singleton Design Pattern): 一个类只允许创建一个对象(或者实例),那这个类就是一个单例类,这种设计模式就叫作单例设计模式,简称单例模式。
  • 当一个类的功能比较单一,只需要一个实例对象就可以完成需求时,就可以使用单例模式来节省内存资源。

【通常】单例模式创建的对象是进程唯一的, 单例类中对象的唯一性的作用范围是进程内的,在进程间是不唯一的。

【3】如何实现一个单例

  • 要实现一个单例,我们需要重视关注的点是哪些?
    • 考虑对象创建时的线程问题
    • 考虑是否支持延迟加载
    • 考虑获取实例的性能是否高
  • ​ 在Python中我们可以使用多种方法来实现单例
    • 使用模块
    • 使用装饰器
    • 使用类
    • 使用__new__方法
    • 基于元类metaclass

【一】基于模块

# settings.py
class Human:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name

obj = Human(name='hqq')
  • 将实例化操作放在模块级别,通过导入该模块来获取实例。
  • 由于Python模块在运行时只会被导入一次,因此保证了实例的单一性。
  • python模块就是天然的单例模式

【二】基于装饰器

def single_mode(cls):
    obj = None

    def inner(*args, **kwargs):
        nonlocal obj
        if not obj:
            obj = cls(*args, **kwargs)
        return obj

    return inner


@single_mode
class Human:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name


obj1 = Human(name='hqq')
obj2 = Human(name='hqqq')
print(obj1)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x000001DEC9A5F110>
print(obj2)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x000001DEC9A5F110>
  • 通过装饰器装饰类
  • 每次实例化时,如果已经有obj,就不会再实例化

【三】基于类的绑定方法

class Human:
    obj = None

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    @classmethod
    def get_obj(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not cls.obj:
            cls.obj = cls(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls.obj

obj1 = Human.get_obj(name='hqq')
obj2 = Human.get_obj(name='hqqq')
print(obj1)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x000001A21E0FF990>
print(obj2)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x000001A21E0FF990>

【四】基于__new__

class Human:
    obj = None

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not cls.obj:
            cls.obj = super().__new__(cls)
        return cls.obj

obj1 = Human(name='hqq')
obj2 = Human(name='hqqq')
print(obj1)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x000001A21E0FF990>
print(obj2)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x000001A21E0FF9

【五】基于元类

class MyType(type):
    obj = None

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if not self.obj:
            self.obj = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return self.obj

class Human:
    obj = None

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

obj1 = Human(name='hqq')
obj2 = Human(name='hqqq')
print(obj1)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x0000027B51C5FAD0>
print(obj2)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x0000027B51C5FAD0>
class MyType(type):
    obj = None

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if not self.obj:
            # self.obj = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
            self.obj = self.__new__(self)
            self.__init__(self.obj, *args, **kwargs)
        return self.obj


class Human(metaclass=MyType):

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name


obj1 = Human(name='hqq')
obj2 = Human(name='hqqq')
print(obj1)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x0000027B51C5FAD0>
print(obj2)  # <__main__.Human object at 0x0000027B51C5FAD0>

【使用场景】

【1】配置信息

  • 某个项目的配置信息存放在一个配置文件中,通过一个 Config 的类来读取配置文件的信息。
  • 如果在程序运行期间,有很多地方都需要使用配置文件的内容,也就是说,很多地方都需要创建 Config 对象的实例,这就导致系统中存在多个 Config 的实例对象,而这样会严重浪费内存资源,尤其是在配置文件内容很多的情况下。
  • 事实上,类似 Config 这样的类,我们希望在程序运行期间只存在一个实例对象。
import configparser
import threading


class Config:
    _instance = None
    _lock = threading.Lock()

    def __new__(cls):
        if cls._instance is None:
            with cls._lock:
                if cls._instance is None:
                    cls._instance = super(Config, cls).__new__(cls)
                    cls._instance.load_config()
        return cls._instance

    def load_config(self):
        self.config = configparser.ConfigParser()
        if not self.config.read('config.ini'):
            # 如果配置文件不存在,设置默认配置
            self.set_default_config()

    def set_default_config(self):
        # 设置默认配置
        self.config['Section1'] = {'key1': 'default_value1', 'key2': 'default_value2'}

    def get_config(self, section, key):
        return self.config.get(section, key)

    def update_config(self, section, key, value):
        self.config.set(section, key, value)
        with open('config.ini', 'w') as config_file:
            self.config.write(config_file)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    config = Config()

    # 获取配置信息
    value1 = config.get_config("Section1", "key1")
    print(value1)

    # 更新配置信息
    config.update_config("Section1", "key1", "new_value")

    # 获取更新后的配置信息
    updated_value1 = config.get_config("Section1", "key1")
    print(updated_value1)

【2】分布式ID(雪花算法)

  • 分布式ID生成是一个常见的需求,以下是一个使用雪花算法实现分布式ID生成的Python代码示例,并将雪花算法的生成ID功能与单例模式结合使用,创建了一个单例类,该类包含了雪花算法的实例,并确保只有一个该类的实例存在
import threading
import time


class SnowflakeIDGenerator:
    def __init__(self, worker_id, datacenter_id):
        # 41位时间戳位
        self.timestamp_bits = 41
        # 10位工作机器ID位
        self.worker_id_bits = 10
        # 12位序列号位
        self.sequence_bits = 12

        # 最大工作机器ID和最大序列号
        self.max_worker_id = -1 ^ (-1 << self.worker_id_bits)
        self.max_sequence = -1 ^ (-1 << self.sequence_bits)

        # 时间戳左移的位数
        self.timestamp_shift = self.worker_id_bits + self.sequence_bits
        # 工作机器ID左移的位数
        self.worker_id_shift = self.sequence_bits

        # 配置工作机器ID和数据中心ID
        self.worker_id = worker_id
        self.datacenter_id = datacenter_id

        # 初始化序列号
        self.sequence = 0
        # 上次生成ID的时间戳
        self.last_timestamp = -1

        # 线程锁,用于保护并发生成ID的安全性
        self.lock = threading.Lock()

        # 校验工作机器ID和数据中心ID是否合法
        if self.worker_id < 0 or self.worker_id > self.max_worker_id:
            raise ValueError(f"Worker ID must be between 0 and {self.max_worker_id}")
        if self.datacenter_id < 0 or self.datacenter_id > self.max_worker_id:
            raise ValueError(f"Datacenter ID must be between 0 and {self.max_worker_id}")

    def _current_timestamp(self):
        return int(time.time() * 1000)

    def _wait_for_next_timestamp(self, last_timestamp):
        timestamp = self._current_timestamp()
        while timestamp <= last_timestamp:
            timestamp = self._current_timestamp()
        return timestamp

    def generate_id(self):
        with self.lock:
            current_timestamp = self._current_timestamp()
            if current_timestamp < self.last_timestamp:
                raise ValueError("Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate ID.")

            if current_timestamp == self.last_timestamp:
                self.sequence = (self.sequence + 1) & self.max_sequence
                if self.sequence == 0:
                    current_timestamp = self._wait_for_next_timestamp(self.last_timestamp)
            else:
                self.sequence = 0

            self.last_timestamp = current_timestamp

            # 构造ID
            timestamp = current_timestamp << self.timestamp_shift
            worker_id = self.worker_id << self.worker_id_shift
            id = timestamp | worker_id | self.sequence
            return id


class SingletonSnowflakeGenerator:
    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls, worker_id, datacenter_id):
        if cls._instance is None:
            with cls._instance_lock:
                if cls._instance is None:
                    cls._instance = SnowflakeIDGenerator(worker_id, datacenter_id)
        return cls._instance


if __name__ == "__main__":
    generator1 = SingletonSnowflakeGenerator(worker_id=1, datacenter_id=1)
    generator2 = SingletonSnowflakeGenerator(worker_id=2, datacenter_id=2)

    print(generator1 is generator2)  # 输出 True,表示是同一个实例

    id1 = generator1.generate_id()  
    id2 = generator2.generate_id()  

    print(id1)  # 7108005303425175552
    print(id2)  # 7108005303425175553

【3】数据库连接池

  • 确保在应用程序中只存在一个数据库连接池的实例,以提高性能和资源利用率。
import threading
import pymysql
from dbutils.pooled_db import PooledDB


class DatabaseConnectionPoolProxy:
    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(DatabaseConnectionPoolProxy, "_instance"):
            with DatabaseConnectionPoolProxy._instance_lock:
                if not hasattr(DatabaseConnectionPoolProxy, "_instance"):
                    DatabaseConnectionPoolProxy._instance = object.__new__(cls)
                    cls._instance.initialize_pool()
        return DatabaseConnectionPoolProxy._instance

    def initialize_pool(self):
        self.pool = PooledDB(
            creator=pymysql,
            maxconnections=6,
            mincached=2,
            maxcached=5,
            maxshared=3,
            blocking=True,
            maxusage=None,
            # 配置其他数据库连接池参数
            host='192.168.91.1',
            port=3306,
            user='root',
            password='root',
            database='inventory',
            charset='utf8'
        )

    def get_connection(self):
        if self.pool:
            return self.pool.connection()

    def execute_query(self, query, params=None):
        conn = self.get_connection()
        if conn:
            cursor = conn.cursor()
            try:
                cursor.execute(query, params)
                result = cursor.fetchall()
                return result
            finally:
                cursor.close()
                conn.close()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    db_proxy = DatabaseConnectionPoolProxy()
    result = db_proxy.execute_query("SELECT * FROM inventory WHERE id=%s", [5])

    print(result)

    db_proxy1 = DatabaseConnectionPoolProxy()
    db_proxy2 = DatabaseConnectionPoolProxy()

    print(db_proxy1 is db_proxy2)  # True

【4】缓存管理

  • 管理应用程序中的缓存数据,确保只有一个缓存管理器实例来避免数据一致性问题。
import threading


class CacheManager:
    _instance = None
    _lock = threading.Lock()

    def __new__(cls):
        if cls._instance is None:
            with cls._lock:
                if cls._instance is None:
                    cls._instance = super(CacheManager, cls).__new__(cls)
                    cls._instance.initialize_cache()
        return cls._instance

    def initialize_cache(self):
        self.cache_data = {}  # 实际缓存数据的数据结构

    def get_data(self, key):
        return self.cache_data.get(key)

    def set_data(self, key, value):
        with self._lock:
            self.cache_data[key] = value


if __name__ == "__main__":
    cache_manager1 = CacheManager()
    cache_manager1.set_data("key1", "value1")

    cache_manager2 = CacheManager()
    value = cache_manager2.get_data("key1")
    print(value)  # 输出 "value1"

    print(cache_manager1 is cache_manager2)  # 如果为 True,则是单例模式

【5】线程池

  • 确保在应用程序中只存在一个线程池的实例,以管理并发任务的执行。
import threading
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor


class ThreadPoolManager:
    _instance = None
    _lock = threading.Lock()

    def __new__(cls):
        if cls._instance is None:
            with cls._lock:
                if cls._instance is None:
                    cls._instance = super(ThreadPoolManager, cls).__new__(cls)
                    cls._instance.initialize_thread_pool()
        return cls._instance

    def initialize_thread_pool(self):
        self.thread_pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)  # 最大工作线程数

    def submit_task(self, task_function, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.thread_pool.submit(task_function, *args, **kwargs)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    thread_pool_manager1 = ThreadPoolManager()


    def sample_task(x):
        return x * 2


    future = thread_pool_manager1.submit_task(sample_task, 5)
    result = future.result()
    print(result)  # 输出 10

    thread_pool_manager2 = ThreadPoolManager()

    print(thread_pool_manager1 is thread_pool_manager2)  # 如果为 True,则是单例模式
posted @ 2024-01-13 23:24  HuangQiaoqi  阅读(19)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报