C#设计模式(2)
《人月神话》焦油坑、没有银弹
* 软件腐化的原因:
问题所在 设计目标
过于僵硬 可扩展性(新性能可以很容易加入系统)
过于脆弱 灵活性(修改不会波及其它)
复用率低
粘度过高 可插入性(新功能容易加入系统(气囊加入方向盘))
* 提高系统可复用性的几点原则:
传统复用:
1. 代码的粘帖复用
2. 算法的复用
3. 数据结构的复用
* 可维护性与可复用性并不完全一致
* 对可维护性的支持:
一、 "开放-封闭"原则(OCP)
Open-Closed Principle原则讲的是:一个软件实体应当对扩展开放,对修改关闭。
优点:
通过扩展已有软件系统,可以提供新的行为,以满足对软件的新的需求,使变化中的软件有一定的适应性和灵活性。
已有软件模块,特别是最重要的抽象层模块不能再修改,这使变化中的软件系统有一定的稳定性和延续性。
例子:玉帝招安美猴王
当年大闹天宫便是美猴王对玉帝的新挑战。美猴王说:"'皇帝轮流做,明年到我家。'只教他搬出去,将天宫让于我!"对于这项挑战,太白金星给玉皇大帝提出的建议是:"降一道招安圣旨,宣上界来…,一则不劳师动众,二则收仙有道也。"
换而言之,不劳师动众、不破坏天规便是"闭",收仙有道便是"开"。招安之道便是玉帝天庭的"开放-封闭"原则。
招安之法的关键便是不允许更改现有的天庭秩序,但允许将妖猴纳入现有秩序中,从而扩展了这一秩序。用面向对象的语言来讲,不允许更改的是系统的抽象层,而允许更改的是系统的实现层。
二、 里氏代换原则(LSP)
Liskov Substitution Principle(里氏代换原则):子类型(subtype)必须能够替换它们的基类型。
白马、黑马
反过来的代换不成立
《墨子·小取》说:"娣,美人也,爱娣,非爱美人也……"娣便是妹妹,哥哥喜爱妹妹,是因为两人是兄妹关系,而不是因为妹妹是个美人。因此,喜爱妹妹不等同于喜爱美人。用面向对象语言描述,美人是基类,妹妹是美人的子类。哥哥作为一个有"喜爱()"方法,接受妹妹作为参数。那么,这个"喜爱()"方法一般不能接受美人的实例。
一个违反LSP的简单例子(长方形和正方形)
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正方形不可以做长方形的子类
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代码重构
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posted on 2004-08-24 08:44 HelloSnoopy 阅读(418) 评论(0) 编辑 收藏 举报