C# 闭包问题-你被”坑“过吗?

引言

闭包是什么?以前看面试题的时候才发现这个名词。

闭包在实际项目中会有什么问题?现在就让我们一起来看下这个不太熟悉的名词。

如果在实际工作中用到了匿名函数和lamada表达式,那你就应该高度注意啦.

 

问题

请问下大家这段代码的输出结果是什么样的呢?

public static void Main()
{
    Console.WriteLine("Starting.");

    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
        Task.Run(() => Console.WriteLine(i));

    Console.WriteLine("Finished. Press <ENTER> to exit.");
    Console.ReadLine();
}

输出结果:

Starting.
Finished. Press <ENTER> to exit.
4
4
4
4

你答对了吗?如果没有请跟随我一起来看下这里的深层原因。

 

问题解决

public static void Main()
{
    Console.WriteLine("Starting.");

    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
    {
        int j = i;
        Task.Run(() => Console.WriteLine(j));
    }

    Console.WriteLine("Finished. Press <ENTER> to exit.");
    Console.ReadLine();
}

输出结果

Starting.
Finished. Press <ENTER> to exit.
0
1
3
2

 

原因分析

闭包是什么?

using System;

class Test
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Action action = CreateAction();
        action();
        action();
    }

    static Action CreateAction()
    {
        int counter = 0;
        return delegate
        {
            // Yes, it could be done in one statement; 
            // but it is clearer like this.
            counter++;
            Console.WriteLine("counter={0}", counter);
        };
    }
}

输出

counter=1
counter=2

In essence, a closure is a block of code which can be executed at a later time, but which maintains the environment in which it was first created - i.e. it can still use the local variables etc of the method which created it, even after that method has finished executing.

这段话的大意是:从本质上说,闭包是一段可以在晚些时候执行的代码块,但是这段代码块依然维护着它第一个被创建时环境(执行上下文)- 即它仍可以使用创建它的方法中局部变量,即使那个方法已经执行完了。

这段话准确地来说不能算作定义,但形象的给出了描述。这里就不给出绝对定义啦。wiki上有这方面的描述。

C#中通常通过匿名函数和lamada表达式来实现闭包。

 

再来看一个简单的例子:

 

var values = new List<int> { 100, 110, 120 };
var funcs = new List<Func<int>>();

foreach (var v in values)
    funcs.Add(() =>
    {
        //Console.WriteLine(v);
        return v;
    });

foreach (var f in funcs)
    Console.WriteLine(f());

Console.WriteLine("{0}{0}", Environment.NewLine);


funcs.Clear();
for (var i = 0; i < values.Count; i++)
{

   //var v2 = values[i];
   funcs.Add(() =>
    {
        
       var v2 = values[i]; //will throw exception 
        return v2;
    });
}

foreach (var f in funcs)
    Console.WriteLine(f());

一语道破天机

Because ()=>v means "return the current value of variable v", not "return the value v was back when the delegate was created",Closures close over variables, not over values.

原文大意:因为() = > v "返回变量 v 的当前值",而不是创建该委托时"v“ 的返回值 。闭包”变量“,而不是闭包”值“。

所以在”for“循环中的添加的匿名函数,只是返回了变量i 而不是i的值。所以知道f() 被真正执行时,i已经是values.Count 值啦,所以会抛出”超出索引范围“。那为啥foreach 没事呢?那就让我们接着看下闭包的来头。

 

历史简述

The latter. The C# 1.0 specification actually did not say whether the loop variable was inside or outside the loop body, as it made no observable difference. When closure semantics were introduced in C# 2.0, the choice was made to put the loop variable outside the loop, consistent with the "for" loop.--Eric Lippert

闭包在C#2.0 的时候引入了闭包语法,选择将循环变量放在循环体外面,for 和foreach 在这方面处理都是一致的。但随着人们在使用过程中的种种不适,微软做出了”一点“让步,在C#5 中对”foreach“做了调整,但对”for“没有做改动。具体改动如下说:

We are taking the breaking change. In C# 5, the loop variable of a foreach will be logically inside the loop, and therefore closures will close over a fresh copy of the variable each time. The "for" loop will not be changed. --Eric Lippert

原文大意:在C#5中我们做了巨大的调整,“foreach”的遍历中的定义的临时循环变量会被逻辑上限制在循环内,“foreach”的每次循环都会是循环变量的一个拷贝,这样闭包就看起来关闭了(没有了)。但“for”循环没有做修改。

总结

匿名函数和Lambda表达式给我们的编程带来了许多快捷简单的实现,如(List.Max((a)=>a.Level)等写法)。但是我们要清醒的意识到这两个糖果后面还是有个”坑“(闭包)。这再次告诉我们技术工作人,要”知其然,也要知其所以然“。

 

参考文献

Closing over the loop variable considered harmful

Closing over the loop variable, part two

For Loop result in Overflow with Task.Run or Task.Start

Is there a reason for C#'s reuse of the variable in a foreach?

The Beauty of Closures

《代码的未来》读书笔记:也谈闭包(介绍较全面,但需要更新C#5的修改,期望博主修改,)

posted @ 2015-10-23 17:03  霍旭东  阅读(6199)  评论(11编辑  收藏  举报