英语总结（十三）——倒装

倒装

完全倒装

定义

完全倒装是把句子的主谓语序完全颠倒过来，把谓语移到主语前面。

主要用法

1. 在存现句中，谓语是be, exist, appear, come, happen, lie, live, occur, remain, seem, stand, used to 等动词时，要用完全倒装。
There are some books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有几本书和一支笔。
There will be a football match this afternoon.
今天下午将有一场足球比赛。
There lies a beautiful small town at the foot of the mountain.
在山脚下有一座美丽的小镇。
John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.
J打开门，那里站着一个他以前从未见过的女孩。

2. 当表地点或方位的副词或介词、介词短语放在句首时，要用完全倒装。
Near the church was an old ruined cottage.
教堂附近有一个破旧不堪的小屋。
Inside the garden grow a variety of flowers.
花园里长着各种各样的花。
Away flew the brid.
鸟儿飞走了。
Look! Here comes the bus.
Oh, here it comes.
瞧！公交车来了。
噢，它来了。
Listen! There goes the bell.
Oh, there it goes.
听！铃响了。
噢，它响了。

3. 在一些固定句型中，以now, then, thus 开头的句子也要用完全倒装结构。
Now comes your turn to answer the teacher's question.
(= It's your turn to answer the reacher's question now.)
现在轮到你回答老师的问题了。
For a moment nothing happened. Then came voices all shouting tegether.
一直瞬间什么也没发生。接下来传来了一起大喊的声音。
Thus began the reform.
就这样开始了改革。

4. 以 such 开头的句子用完全倒装的结构。
Such were his words. (= Such was what he said.)
他就是这样说的。

5. 表语置于句首时，倒装结构为 “表语 + 连系动词 + 主语”。此时谓语和其后的主语保持一致。
Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
出席会议的有 W, S 教授，和许多其他客人。（形容词前置）
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
他们对中国人愿意做什么就做什么的年代过去了。（过去分词前置）
In the box were some cats.
箱子里是几只猫。

6. 用于表示祝愿的句型。
Long live the emperor.
皇帝万岁。

部分倒装

定义

把谓语的一部分如助动词放、情态动词或系动词 be 放在主语之前，如果句中没有助动词或情态动词，那么需要借助 do, does, did，并置于主语之前。

主要用法

1. 疑问句中的倒装
Can't you just wear a flower instead?
难道你就不可以戴朵花来代替吗？

> 特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词做主语或者修饰主语，不需要倒装。
Who invented the telephone, do you know?

2. only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首，only 起强调作用。
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
直到那时，我才知道我错了。
Only in this way can you learn from your friends.
只有用这种方式，你才能向你的朋友们学习。

> only 修饰状语从句，从句不倒装，主句倒装。
Only when he reached the tea-house did he realize it was the same place he'd been in last year.
直到他到了茶馆的时候，他才意识到这是他去年来过的地方。
> only 后跟名词或代词，属于修饰主语，不倒装。
Only he is the right person for the job.
只有他是适合做这项工作的人。
Only true firendship can last long.
只有真正的友谊才能长存。

3. 具有否定意义或半否定意义的副词及含有否定词的介词短语、连词固定搭配放在句首时，句子部分倒装。
例如：not, never, hearly, barely, scarcely, seldom, little, nowhere, never before以前从未, by no means, no sooner ... that ..., hardly ... when ..., in no time, in no case, on no condition
-例句
Not a single mistake did the pupil make in his composition.
那名小学生在作文中连一个错误也没有犯。
Hardly head he arrived home when he began to do his homework.
他一到家就开始写作业了。
Little did Rose care about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself.
虽然R当时的处境很危险，但是她没有考虑自己的安全。

4. not only 位于句首，其引导的分句要用部分倒装，但 but (also) 引导的分句不倒装，而且与前面的句子中相同的成分可以省略。
Not only do they want a pay increase, but also they want reduced hours.
他们不仅要求提高工资，还要求缩短工作时间。

5. not until 短语引导的从句位于句首，主句部分倒装。
Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the family was for him.
知道他离开家才开始明白家庭对他来说多么重要。

6. neither ... nor ... 链接两个分句时，两个分句部分倒装
Neither was the director for the plan nor was he against it.
主任既不赞成也不反对这个计划。

7. so, neither, nor 引导的省略句。
I loved this movies and so did all my friends.
我喜欢这个电影，我的朋友也是。
After that we never saw her again, neither (= nor) did her parents.
在那以后我们从未见过她，她的父母也是。

8. 虚拟条件句中，去掉 if 提前 had/should/were
Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.
如果他赶上了早上的火车，那么他开会就不会迟到了。
Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the meeting.
如果明天下雨，那么我们会推迟会议。
Were you in my position, you would do the same.
如果你处在我的位置，你也会这样做的。

9.  so ... that, such ... that 句型。
So absorbed was he in the novel that he did not notice his father at the door.
他沉浸在小说中，以至于没有注意到父亲在门口。
Such rapid progress did the boy get that his father gave him his permission to travel.
那个男孩取得了如此大的进步，结果他父亲同意他去旅行了。