英语总结(十二)——定语从句Part2
定语从句
关系副词的用法
关系副词指代的先行词
先行词 | 关系副词 | 在从句中的作用 | 介词 + 关系代词 |
---|---|---|---|
表示时间的名词 time, day, year 等 | when | 作时间状语 | = at/in/on/during which |
表示场所的名词 park, place, country, house 等 | where | 作地点状语 | = in/at/to/on which |
表示理由的名词: reason | why | 做原因状语 | = for which |
when 的用法
when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,先行词通常为 time, day, week, year, period, occasion(当 "机会、时机" 讲时), age等表示时间的名词。此时 when 可以用 on/in/at/during which 等代替。
-例句
Because of the dinancial crisis, days are gone when local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.
因为金融危机,当地的五星级酒店一夜收取 6,000 元的日子一去不复返了。
Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a whole day with my kids.
我很少有机会和我的孩子们在一起待一整天。
We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以往任何时候都更容易获取更多信息的时代。
where的用法
where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,先行词通常为 place, town, country, room 等表示地点的名词。
-例句
The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work where a good impression is a must.
这本书在日常交际方面帮了我很大的忙,尤其是在工作中,在工作中好的印象是必不可少的东西。
A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
银行是在天晴之时借给你伞,到了下雨就让你还回去的地方。
Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually.
P.H.认为地球不可能是唯一有生命逐渐进化的行星。
关系副词 where 的先行词还可以是一些表示抽象意义的词,例如:case, situation, point, scene, stage, position, condition, occasion(当“场合”讲时)等。
-例句
Today, we'll dicuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
今天我们将讨论英语初学者不能正确使用这种语言的许多情况。
I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make a decisions of my own.
我已经到了一个应该自己做决定的人生阶段了。
why 的用法
why 指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,先行词一般为 reason。相当于 for which。但是,reason 作先行词时,若关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,定语从句要用 that 或 which 引导。
-例句
He couldn't give the teacher a good reason why he was late for school.
他不能给老师一个很好的关于他上学迟到的理由。
The boss doesn't want to hear any reason (that/which) you might give.
老板不想听你可能给出的任何理由。(从句中 that/which 作 give 的宾语,不能用 why)
reason 在定语从句中作先行词,可以用 why 引导,而在同位语从句中,其后通常接 that 引导的同位语从句,解释说明 that 的内容
-例句
The readson that the car broke down caused the accident.
车子坏了这一原因导致了这一事故。
关系词的选择
关系代词和关系副词的选择
对于一个先行词,要想确定是用关系代词还是关系副词,主要是搞清楚关系词在定语从句中做什么成分。
-例句
I will remember the day when I left my home town forever.
我会永远记住我离开家乡的那一天。(when 做状语,相当于 on the day)
I will remember the day that/which we spent together forever.
我会永远记住我们一起度过的那一天。(that/which 做 spent 的宾语)
This is the place where he works.
这是他工作的地方。(where 做状语,相当于 in the place)
This is the place that/which we visited last month.
这是我们上个月参观过的地方。(that/which 做 visited 的宾语)
“介词 + 关系代词”与关系副词的转化
1. 代替 where, 在定语从句中做地点状语。
-例句
This is the the company where (= in which) I used to work.
这是我曾经工作过的公司。
2. 代替 why, 在定语从句中做原因状语。
-例句
I'd like you to explain the reason why(= for which) you were late again.
我想让你解释一下你再次迟到的原因。
3. 代替 when, 在定语从句中做时间状语。
-例句
There used to be a time when (= during which) the Chinese people struggled for freedom.
中国人曾有过一段为自由而斗争的日子。
We went through a period when (= in which) communications were very diffcult in the rural areas.
我们经历了一段乡村地区通信非常困难的时期。
way 和 time 后定语从句的关系词的选择
1. way 后面的定语从句
如果先行词 way 后面的定语从句缺少宾语,那么用 that, which 或 省略关系词;如果定语从句中缺少方式状语,那么用in wchich, that 或者省略关系词。(能省略的时候省略就对了
-例句
The way (which/that) he explained to us was quite simple.
他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。
There are several different ways (in which/that) we can tackle this problem.
我们可以用几种不同的方法处理这个问题。
2. time 后面的定语从句
若 time 表示“次数”时,应用关系词 that 引导定语从句,可以省略。
若 time 表示“一段时间”时,应用关系副词 when 或 "at/during which" 引导定语从句。
-例句
This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.
这已是这位总统第二次访问这个国家了。
There was a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones and no TV sets.曾有一个没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视的时期。
关系词的省略 和 不可省略
关系代词
可以省略:
1. 关系代词在定语从句中作动词的宾语可以省略。
-例句
That's the girl (whom/who/that) I teach.
那就是我教的女孩。
2. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时可以省略。
-例句
John is not the man (that) he was years ago.
J已经不是多年前的他了。
3. 关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语,且介词在从句句尾时可以省略。
-例句
This is the pen (that/which) I wrote the letter with.
这是我写那封信时用的钢笔。
不可省略:
1. 非限制性定语从句
Our team members, who are all in good form, will do well in the coming matches.
我们队员的状态都很好,在即将来临的赛事中会表现出色。
2. “介词 + 关系代词” 的结构
The newly-built cafe, the walls of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.
这家新建的墙壁被涂成浅绿色的咖啡厅对我们而言确实是一个安静的场所,尤其是在辛苦工作之后。
3. “数量表达 + of + 关系代词”
Mike's diappointment was shared by servral players who were present, some of whom were so upset that they shouted at the judge.
在场的几个选手都和M一样失望,其中一些人烦躁地向裁判员大声喊叫。
关系副词
1. 在某些表示时间的名词(短语)后面,如 the time, every time, each time, the moment
Do you remember the day (when) we first went to school?
你记得我们第一次去上学的那天吗?
2. 在某些表示地点的名词(短语)后面,如 the place
This is the place (where) we first met.
这是我们第一次见面的地方。
3. 先行词 the reason 后面。
This is the reason (why) he was late.
这就是他迟到的原因。
4. 当先行词是 way (当“方式,方法”讲)
I don't like the way (that/in which) he speaks to you.
我不喜欢他跟你交谈的方式。
同位语从句和定语从句的关系
被修饰词
同位语从句前的修饰词多为 idea, fact, word, news, hope, evidence, belief, possibility, proposal 等抽象名词;定语从句前的修饰词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。
-例句
There is clear evidence that the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.
有明确的证据表明,所有感觉中最难阐释的是身体上的疼痛。(同位语从句
I want to buy a dictonary, which is valuable to my study.
我想买本词典,他对我的学习很有价值(定语从句
性质
同位语从句相当于一个名词,对前面的抽象名词作说明和解释;定语从句相当于一个形容词,对先行词进行修饰或限制。
I have no idea when he was set free.
我不知道他什么时候被放出来的。(同位语从句
I will never forget the day when he was admitted into PKU.
我永远不会忘记他被北京大学录取的那一天。(定语从句
引导词
有些引导词如 how, whether, what 可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。
The question whether we need it has not been considered.
我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑(同位语从句
It is a question that how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题(同位语从句
希望我们都有一个光明的未来