英语总结（十一）——定语从句Part1

定语从句

连接词

分类	关系代词	关系副词
限制性定语从句	that, which, who, whom, whose, as	when, where, why
非限制性定语从句	which, who, whom, whose, as	when, where

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

形式不同

限制性定语从句中主句和从句不用逗号隔开，口语中不停顿。
非限制性定语从句需要用逗号隔开，口语中停顿。

-例句
My sister who works in Shanghai sends me a e-mail almost every day.
我在上海工作的姐姐几乎每天都给我发电子邮件。（暗示我还有其他姐姐。）
My sister, who works in Shanghai, sends me an e-mail almost every day.
我的姐姐在上海工作，她几乎每天都给我发电子邮件。（暗示我只有一个姐姐。）

功能不同

限制性定语从句对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉会使得句意发生变化，甚至不能成立。
非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略对句意影响不大。

-例句
This is the place that/which she would like to visit.
这就是她想去游览的地方。
This is New York, which I have visited for several times.
这就是纽约，我来过这里好多次了。

翻译不同

一般把限制性定语从句翻译在他所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开翻译。

-例句
He is the man whose car was stolen.
他就是那个汽车被偷的人。
I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat.
我邀请了J, 他就住在隔壁。

先行词不同（重要）

限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或者代词。
当先行词为专有名词、独一无二的名词或者被物主代词修饰时，通常用非限制性定语从句。
非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或者句子。

-例句
Paper cuts of animals have been found in tombs which date back to the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasty!
人们已经在早至南北朝时期的墓中发现了动物剪纸！（先行词是名词）
He was generous with time, for which I was grateful.
他十分慷慨地给予时间，为此我非常感激。（先行词是前面整个句子）
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
C.S.去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（先行词是专有名词）
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那幢房子带了个漂亮的花园。

关系代词的用法

关系代词指代的对象以及用法

关系代词	指代对象	在从句中的作用
who	人	作主语、宾语、表语
whom	人	作宾语
whose	人或事物	作定语
that	人或事物	作主语、宾语、表语
which	事物	作主语、宾语、表语
as	人或事物	作主语、宾语、表语

注意事项：

1. who/whom/that/which 在从句中作并宾语时可以省略。
2. 当从句介词提前时，不可以用 who/that, 应该使用 whom/which。

... （关系代词的用法，平常较为熟练，这里只整理 as 相关的一些东西，其他笔者有时间再整理。）

as 的用法

as 引导限制性定语从句时主要用于 the same ... as ..., such ... as ..., as ... as ..., so ... as ... 结构中。as 在定语从句中既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。as 还可以指代整个句子，引导非限制性定语从句。

-例句
Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.
那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重。
As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next morning.
正如我在电话里解释的那样，下次开会将会考虑你的建议。

as 引导定语从句的一些固定搭配:
as we all know 正如大家所知
as is well known 众所周知
as I can remeber 正如我所记得的
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as we expect 正如我们所预料的那样
as was expected 正如预料的那样
as you see 如你所见
as has been said before 如前所述
as is often the case（对···而言）这是常有的事
as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样
as the old saying goes 正如古话所说；常言道
as sb. put(s) it 正如某人所说

关系代词的特殊用法

只用 that 不用 which 的情况

1. 先行词为 all, much, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one, something, little, few, any 等不定代词或者被不定代词修饰时。
- 例句
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都做了。
I refuse to accpet the blame for somthing that was someone else's fault.
我拒绝接受因为别人的过错而对我进行的指责。

2. 先行词被 the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时。
-例句
Australia is the only country that is also a continent.
澳大利亚是唯一一个既是国家又覆盖整个大陆的国家。
The train is the last one that will go to Suzhou.
这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。

3. 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
-例句
The first thing (that) we should do now is to find a local guide.
我们现在应该做的第一件事时寻找一个当地的导游。

4. 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
-例句
This is the best method that has been used to prevent pollution.
这是用过的最好的防止污染的办法。
This is the best way that can solve the problem.
这是能够解决这个问题的最好的办法。

5. 先行词既有人又有物时。
-例句
We often talk about persons and things (that) we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的人或事物。

6. 在双重定语从句中，其中一个关系代词用 which 时，另一个用that，避免重复。
-例句
He built uo a factory which produved things that had never seen before.
他建了一个生产一些以前从没见过的东西的工厂。

7. 以 here, there 开头的句子，先行词指物时。
-例句
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank.
桌子上有本书是属于F的。

8. 主句是以 what 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。  
-例句
Which is the book that belongs to her?
哪本书是她的？

只用 which 不用 that 的情况

1. 当关系代词前有介词时。
-例句
Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.
心灵的护理是一个渐进的过程，在这个过程中，甚至生活中那些微小的细节都应该被顾及。

2. 引导非限定性定语从句时。
-例句
Football which is a very interesting sport, is played in many countries.
足球是一项很有趣的体育运动，很多国家的人们都在踢。
China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
《今日中国》吸引了世界范围内的读者，这表明全世界越来越多的人想要了解中国。

3. 先行词为 that, those 时。
-例句
What's that which was out in the car?
放在车子里的那个东西时什么？

4. 关系代词后有插入语时。
-例句
Here is a CD which, as I have told you, is a great help to you.
这就是我告诉过你对你很有帮助的光盘。

指人时只用 who 的情况

1. 当先行词是one, ones, anyone 或 those 时。
-例句
They offer help and advice to anyone who is intersted in becoming a teacher.
他们为任何一个对成为老师感兴趣的人提供意见。
Those who dare to break the law will be punished.
那些胆敢违反法律的人将会受到惩罚。

2. 用在 there be 句型中，先行词指人时。
-例句
There is a young man who wants to see you.
有一个年轻人想要见你。

3. 当先行词是人，关系代词在从句中作主语并于从句谓语动词分隔时，用 who(whom)。
-例句
She is an artist who, if given enough time, will work wonders.
她是一位可以创造奇迹的艺术家，如果给予她足够多的时间的话。

4. 当一个表示人的先行词后面有两个定语从句中，第二个定语从句多用 who 引导。
-例句
The man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai.
那个在会上讲话的人是我们的新校长，塔刚从上海过来。

5. 当先行词是人称代词 he, they 等时，在一些谚语中或在一些较长且复杂的句子中，定语从句多用 who 引导。
-例句
They who can suffer long years of patient toil and constant efforts will succeed.
那些能经受长年耐心操劳和不断努力的人会成功。
He who play with fire gets burned.
玩火自焚。
He who laughs last laughs best.
谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。

which 和 as 的区别

1. as 引导的定语从句可以置于主句前中后，which 引导的定语从句一般只能置于主句后。

2. 非限制性定语从句中出现 expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料的词语，一般用 as
-例句
She succeed in doing her research work, as we expected.
正如我们料想的那样，她完成了她的研究工作。