drf多表与基表系列化-自定义序列化深度表查询-断关联表关系-多表反序列化

学习表关系的序列化和反序列表查询之前,新建项目的准备工作及环境搭建的配置。

配置:settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    # ...
    'rest_framework',
]

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': 'dg_proj',
        'USER': 'root',
        'PASSWORD': '123',
    }
}

# 连接mysql数据库

"""
任何__init__文件
import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
"""

# 国际化处理

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = False

# 静态文件的环境配置
MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')

路由:urls.py

# 主路由url

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.views.static import serve
from django.conf import settings
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')), # 路由的分发
    url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}),
]


# 子路由(app01)
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
    
]

 关键参数的设置

"""
外键处理:
反向查询名字:related_name
表关系:db_constraint + on_delete  
    db_constraint=False => 断开表关系
    on_delete=models.CASCADE  级联
    on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True  设置为空
    on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT, default=0  设置成默认值0
    on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING  不处理
注:多对多关系不需要明确on_delete

"""

多表设计

"""
Book表:name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time

Pbulish表:name、address、is_delete、create_time

Author表:name、age、is_delete、create_time

AutherDetail表:mobile、author、is_delete、create_time


BaseModel基表
is_delete、create_tiime

上面四个表的创建继承基表。可以继承两个字段

"""

 

基表BaseModel:

  把表相同的字段单独创建出来形成基表,让其他表直接继承即可。

class BaseMode(models.Model):
    is_delete = models.BoolenanField(defalut=False)
    create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

    # 设置 abstract  =True 来声明基表,作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表
    class Meta:
        abstract = True

 

源码分析得出的参数:

  设置 abstract  =True 来声明基表,作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表

 

断关表多表关系

知识点(重点)

"""
1、外键位置:
    一对多 - 外键放多的一方
    一对一 - 从逻辑正反向考虑,如作者表与作者详情表,作者删除级联删除详情,
    详情删除作者依旧存在,所以建议外键在详情表中
    多对多 - 外键在关系表中
    
2、ORM正向方向连表查找:
    正向:通过外键字段 eg: author_detial_obj.author 
    反向:通过related_name的值 eg:author_obj.detail
    注:依赖代码见下方
    
3、连表操作关系:
    1)作者删除,详情级联 - on_delete=models.CASCADE
    2)作者删除,详情置空 - null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL
    3)作者删除,详情重置 - default=0, on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT
    4)作者删除,详情不动 - on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING
    注:拿作者与作者详情表举例
    
4、外键关联字段的参数 - 如何实现 断关联、目前表间操作关系、方向查询字段
    i)作者详情表中的
    author = models.OneToOneField(
        to='Author',
        related_name='detail',
        db_constraint=False,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE
    )
    
    ii)图书表中的
    publish = models.ForeignKey(
        to='Publish',
        related_name='books',
        db_constraint=False,
        on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING,
    )
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(
        to='Author'
        related_name='books',
        db_constraint=False,
    )
    注:ManyToManyField不能设置on_delete,OneToOneField、
ForeignKey必须设置on_delete(django1.x系统默认级联,
但是django2.x必须手动明确)
"""

 

多表的设计 model.py

from django.db import models

# 图书管理系统:Book、Author、AuthorDetail、Publish
"""
Book表: name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time
Publish表: name、address、is_delete、create_time
Author表: name、age、is_delete、create_time
AuthorDetail表: mobile, author、is_delete、create_time
"""

# 1) 基表
class BaseModel(models.Model):
    is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

    # 作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表,设置 abstract = True
    class Meta:
        abstract = True

class Book(BaseModel):
    """name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time"""
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    img = models.ImageField(upload_to='img', default='img/default.jpg')
    publish = models.ForeignKey(
        to='Publish',
        db_constraint=False,  # 断关联
        related_name='books',  # 反向查询字段:publish_obj.books 就能访问所有出版的书
        on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING,  # 设置连表操作关系
    )
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(
        to='Author',
        db_constraint=False,
        related_name='books'
    )

    # 序列化插拔式属性 - 完成自定义字段名完成连表查询
    @property
    def publish_name(self):
        return self.publish.name
   # 可插拔设计 @property
def author_list(self): return self.authors.values('name', 'age', 'detail__mobile').all() class Meta: db_table = 'book' verbose_name = '书籍' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name
class Publish(BaseModel): """name、address、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) address = models.CharField(max_length=64) class Meta: db_table = 'publish' verbose_name = '出版社' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class Author(BaseModel): """name、age、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) age = models.IntegerField() class Meta: db_table = 'author' verbose_name = '作者' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class AuthorDetail(BaseModel): """mobile, author、is_delete、create_time""" mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11) author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='detail', on_delete=models.CASCADE, ) class Meta: db_table = 'author_detail' verbose_name = '作者详情' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return '%s的详情' % self.author.name

 

一对一的外键字段设计需要的参数:

 

 多对多和一对多的设计,所需的指定的参数:

 

 建立好表关系之后,执行数据库迁移命名,创建表结构,创建超级用户,在admin后台做添加录入数据的操作。

 

 序列化

序列化层:app01/serialiaers.py

from rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer, SerializerMethodField
from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError
from . import models

# 可以单独作为Publish接口的序列化类,也可以作为Book序列化外键publish辅助的序列化组件
class PublishModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Publish
        fields = ('name', 'address')

class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
    # 了解: 该方式设置的序列化字段,必须在fields中声明
    # publish_address = SerializerMethodField()
    # def get_publish_address(self, obj):
    #     return obj.publish.address

    # 自定义连表深度 - 子序列化方式 - 该方式不能参与反序列化,使用在序列化反序列化共存时,不能书写
    publish = PublishModelSerializer()

    class Meta:
        # 序列化类关联的model类
        model = models.Book
        # 参与序列化的字段
        fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish')

        # 了解知识点
        # 所有字段
        # fields = '__all__'
        # 与fields不共存,exclude排除哪些字段
        # exclude = ('id', 'is_delete', 'create_time')
        # 自动连表深度
        # depth = 1

 

视图层:api/views.py

class Book(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        if pk:
            try:
                book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk, is_delete=False)
                book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
            except:
                return Response({
                    'status': 1,
                    'msg': '书籍不存在'
                })
        else:
            book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
            book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_query, many=True).data
        return Response({
            'status': 0,
            'msg': 'ok',
            'results': book_data
        })

 

路由层:api/urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()),
    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()),
]

 

反序列化

序列化层:app01/serializers.py

class BookModelDeserializer(ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Book
        fields = ('name', 'price', 'publish', 'authors')
        # extra_kwargs 用来完成反序列化字段的 系统校验规则
        extra_kwargs = {
            'name': {
                'required': True,
                'min_length': 1,
                'error_messages': {
                    'required': '必填项',
                    'min_length': '太短',
                }
            }
        }
    
    # 局部钩子
    def validate_name(self, value):
        # 书名不能包含 g 字符
        if 'g' in value.lower():
            raise ValidationError('该g书不能出版')
        return value
    # 全局钩子
    def validate(self, attrs):
        publish = attrs.get('publish')
        name = attrs.get('name')
        if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish):
            raise ValidationError({'book': '该书已存在'})
        return attrs

    # ModelSerializer类已经帮我们实现了 create 与 update 方法

 

视图层:app01/views.py

from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from . import models, serializers


class Book(APIView):
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        request_data = request.data
        book_ser = serializers.BookModelDeserializer(data=request_data)
        # raise_exception=True:当校验失败,马上终止当前视图方法,抛异常返回给前台
        book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        book_obj = book_ser.save()
        return Response({
            'status': 0,
            'msg': 'ok',
            'results': serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
        })

 

路由层:app01/urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()),
    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()),
]

 

序列化与反序列化组合使用(重点)

 

(1)、fields中设置所有序列化与反序列化字段

(2)、extra_kwargs划分只序列化字段

  wirte_only:只反序列化

  read_only:只序列化

  自定义字段默认只序列化(read_only)

(3)、设置反序列化所需的系统、局部钩子、全局钩子等校验规则

序列化层:app01/serialzers.py

class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Book
        fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish_name', 'publish', 'authors')
        extra_kwargs = {
            'name': {
                'required': True,
                'min_length': 1,
                'error_messages': {
                    'required': '必填项',
                    'min_length': '太短',
                }
            },
            'publish': {
                'write_only': True
            },
            'authors': {
                'write_only': True
            },
            'img': {
                'read_only': True,
            },
            'author_list': {
                'read_only': True,
            },
            'publish_name': {
                'read_only': True,
            }
        }

    def validate_name(self, value):
        # 书名不能包含 g 字符
        if 'g' in value.lower():
            raise ValidationError('该g书不能出版')
        return value

    def validate(self, attrs):
        publish = attrs.get('publish')
        name = attrs.get('name')
        if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish):
            raise ValidationError({'book': '该书已存在'})
        return attrs

 

视图层:app01/views.py

class V2Book(APIView):
    # 单查:有pk
    # 群查:无pk
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        if pk:
            try:
                book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk, is_delete=False)
                book_data = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
            except:
                return Response({
                    'status': 1,
                    'msg': '书籍不存在'
                })
        else:
            book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
            book_data = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_query, many=True).data
        return Response({
            'status': 0,
            'msg': 'ok',
            'results': book_data
        })

    # 单增:传的数据是与model对应的字典
    # 群增:传的数据是 装多个 model对应字典 的列表
    
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        request_data = request.data
        if isinstance(request_data, dict):
            many = False
        elif isinstance(request_data, list):
            many = True
        else:
            return Response({
                'status': 1,
                'msg': '数据有误',
            })
        book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(data=request_data, many=many)
        # 当校验失败,马上终止当前视图方法,抛异常返回给前台
        book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        book_result = book_ser.save()
        return Response({
            'status': 0,
            'msg': 'ok',
            'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_result, many=many).data
        })

    # 单删:有pk
    # 群删:有pks   |  {"pks": [1, 2, 3]}
    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        if pk:
            pks = [pk]
        else:
            pks = request.data.get('pks')
        if models.Book.objects.filter(pk__in=pks, is_delete=False).update(is_delete=True):
            return Response({
                'status': 0,
                'msg': '删除成功',
            })
        return Response({
            'status': 1,
            'msg': '删除失败',
        })

 

路由层:app01/urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^v2/books/$', views.V2Book.as_view()),
    url(r'^v2/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.V2Book.as_view()),
]

 

补充知识点:

自定义子序列化深度连表查询

api/serializers.py

 

 有postman GET请求urls中的publish 获取后台的数据。

可插拔序列化设计

 

 在models.py中book字段的设计

群增就接口的实现

# 单增:传的数据是与model对应的字典
# 群增:传的数据是 装多个model对应字典 的列表

 

crf框架内封装置重写了create的方法来实现群增的功能

 

 views.py,关键字:many=True

# 单增:传的数据是与model对应的字典
    # 群增:传的数据是 装多个 model对应字典 的列表
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        request_data = request.data
        if isinstance(request_data, dict):
            many = False
        elif isinstance(request_data, list):
            many = True
        else:
            return Response({
                'status': 1,
                'msg': '数据有误',
            })
        book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(data=request_data, many=many).data #获取的是数据对象
        # 当校验失败,马上终止当前视图方法,抛异常返回给前台
        book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        book_result = book_ser.save()
        return Response({
            'status': 0,
            'msg': 'ok',
            'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_result, many=many).data
        })

 

单删群删的接口实现

views.py

 # 单删:有pk
    # 群删:有pks   |  {"pks": [1, 2, 3]}
    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        if pk:
            pks = [pk]
        else:
            pks = request.data.get('pks')
        if models.Book.objects.filter(pk__in=pks, is_delete=False).update(is_delete=True):
            return Response({
                'status': 0,
                'msg': '删除成功',
            })
        return Response({
            'status': 1,
            'msg': '删除失败',
        })

 

posted @ 2019-10-17 09:46  游走De提莫  阅读(613)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报