Ubuntu系统三种安装软件包的方法（apt/aptitude/deb命令）和常用的镜像源

阅读摘要

• • Ubuntu安装软件包
  • • apt 安装
    • aptitude安装
    • 使用Deb包安装
  • 镜像源
  • • 阿里云
    • 清华大学开源软件镜像站
    • 中科大源
    • 网易
  • Ubuntu apt-get命令安装软件包时遇到的问题
  • • Question1
    • Question2
    • Question3
    • 解决方案

  • Ubuntu安装软件包

    apt 安装

  • sudo apt search package #搜索包 
    sudo apt show package #获取包的相关信息，如说明、大小、版本等  
    sudo apt depends package #了解使用依赖  
    sudo apt rdepends package #查看该包被哪些包依赖  
    sudo apt-cache pkgnames  #执行pkgnames子命令列出当前所有可用的软件包 
    sudo apt policy package #使用policy命令显示软件包的安装状态和版本信息。
    sudo apt install package #安装包  
    sudo apt install package=version #安装指定版本的包  
    sudo apt install package --reinstall #重新安装包  
    sudo apt -f install #修复安装, "-f = --fix-missing"  
    sudo apt remove package #删除包
    sudo apt purge package  #删除包，包括删除配置文件等
    sudo apt autoremove #自动卸载所有未使用的软件包
    sudo apt source package #下载该包的源代码   
    sudo apt update #更新apt软件源信息  
    sudo apt upgrade #更新已安装的包
    sudo apt full-upgrade #在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系  
    sudo apt dist-upgrade #升级系统  
    sudo apt dselect-upgrade #使用dselect升级  
    sudo apt build-dep package #安装相关的编译环境  
    sudo apt clean && sudo apt autoclean #清理无用的包
    sudo apt clean  #清理已下载的软件包，实际上是清楚/var/cache/apt/archives目录中的软件包
    sudo apt autoclean  #删除已经卸载的软件包备份  
    sudo apt-get check #检查是否有损坏的依赖 

    例子：

  • root@gegewu1:/etc/zabbix# sudo apt purge  zabbix-server-mysql
    正在读取软件包列表... 完成
    正在分析软件包的依赖关系树       
    正在读取状态信息... 完成       
    下列软件包是自动安装的并且现在不需要了：
      libevent-2.1-6 libmysqlclient20
    使用'sudo apt autoremove'来卸载它(它们)。
    下列软件包将被【卸载】：
      zabbix-server-mysql*
    升级了 0 个软件包，新安装了 0 个软件包，要卸载 1 个软件包，有 13 个软件包未被升级。
    解压缩后会消耗 0 B 的额外空间。
    您希望继续执行吗？ [Y/n] y
     

  • apt和apt-get的区别：
    随着 apt install package 命令的使用频率和普遍性逐步超过 apt-get install package，越来越多的其它 Linux 发行版也开始遵循 Ubuntu 的脚步，开始鼓励用户使用 apt 而不是 apt-get。
    详情请跳转至：apt 和 apt-get的区别（建议使用apt）

    aptitude安装
    sudo apt install aptitude # 安装
     

    sudo aptitude update     更新可用的包列表
    sudo aptitude upgrade    升级可用的包
    sudo aptitude dist-upgrade   将系统升级到新的发行版
    sudo aptitude install pkgname    安装包
    sudo aptitude remove pkgname     删除包
    sudo aptitude purge pkgname  删除包及其配置文件
    sudo aptitude search string  搜索包
    sudo aptitude show pkgname   显示包的详细信息
    sudo aptitude clean  删除下载的包文件
    sudo aptitude autoclean  仅删除过期的包文件

    使用Deb包安装

  • sudo dpkg -i <package.deb>    #安装包
    sudo dpkg -r <package.deb>　  #删除包
    sudo dpkg -p <package.deb>　  #彻底删除包(包括配置文件)
    dpkg -l                       #列出当前已安装的包

    镜像源

    阿里云

  • deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

    清华大学开源软件镜像站

  • #默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    # 预发布软件源，不建议启用
    # deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

    中科大源

  • deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

    网易

  • deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

    遇到的问题

  • Ubuntu apt-get命令安装软件包时遇到的问题
    Question1
    root@soft3-94:~# apt-get install libssl-dev
    Reading package lists… Done
    Building dependency tree
    Reading state information… Done
    You might want to run ‘apt-get -f install’ to correct these:
    The following packages have unmet dependencies:
    activity-log-manager : Depends: libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.43.2) but 2.40.0-2 is to be installed
    alsa-base : Depends: kmod (>= 17-1)
    libssl-dev : Depends: libssl1.1 (= 1.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.6) but it is not going to be installed
    E: Unmet dependencies. Try ‘apt-get -f install’ with no packages (or specify a solution).
     
    Question2
    root@soft3-94:/var/lib/dpkg# apt-get install update
    Reading package lists… Done
    Building dependency tree
    Reading state information… Done
    E: Unable to locate package update
    root@soft3-94:/var/lib/dpkg# apt-get install libssl-dev
    Reading package lists… Done
    Building dependency tree
    Reading state information… Done
    You might want to run ‘apt-get -f install’ to correct these:
    The following packages have unmet dependencies:
    activity-log-manager : Depends: libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.43.2) but 2.40.0-2 is to be installed
    alsa-base : Depends: kmod (>= 17-1)
    libssl-dev : Depends: libssl1.1 (= 1.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.6) but it is not going to be installed
    E: Unmet dependencies. Try ‘apt-get -f install’ with no packages (or specify a solution).
     
    Question3
    root@soft3-94:/var/lib/dpkg# apt-get -f install
    Reading package lists… Done
    Building dependency tree
    Reading state information… Done
    Correcting dependencies… Done
    The following extra packages will be installed:
    kmod libglib2.0-0 libglib2.0-bin libkmod2
    The following packages will be upgraded:
    kmod libglib2.0-0 libglib2.0-bin libkmod2
    4 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1422 not upgraded.
    3 not fully installed or removed.
    Need to get 0 B/1368 kB of archives.
    After this operation, 2181 kB disk space will be freed.
    Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
    perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
    perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
    LANGUAGE = (unset),
    LC_ALL = (unset),
    LC_PAPER = “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
    LC_ADDRESS = “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
    LC_MONETARY = “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
    LC_NUMERIC = “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
    LC_TELEPHONE = “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
    LC_IDENTIFICATION = “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
    LC_MEASUREMENT = “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
    LC_TIME = “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
    LC_NAME = “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
    LANG = “en_US.UTF-8”
    are supported and installed on your system.
    perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale (“C”).
    locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory
    dpkg-deb: error: archive ‘/var/cache/apt/archives/libkmod2_24-1ubuntu3.4_amd64.deb’ has premature member ‘control.tar.xz’ before ‘control.tar.gz’, giving up
    dpkg: error processing archive /var/cache/apt/archives/libkmod2_24-1ubuntu3.4_amd64.deb (–unpack):
    subprocess dpkg-deb --control returned error exit status 2
    E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
     
    E: 部分索引文件下载失败。如果忽略它们，那将转而使用旧的索引文件。
     
    解决方案
    各种依赖导致的安装失败，这个可能就是源的问题，替换镜像源链接即可。
    解决方案：
    （1）备份原镜像源文件：mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak；
    （2）创建编辑/etc/apt/sources.list新文件： sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list ；
    （3）选择上面任一镜像源地址粘贴，保存退出；
    （4）修改后使用sudo apt-get update更新缓存，sudo apt-get upgrade升级包。如果有报错的及时删除后再更新就行了。
    ————————————————
    版权声明：本文为CSDN博主「桑榆非晚晚」的原创文章，遵循CC 4.0 BY-SA版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接及本声明。
    原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/ITerated/article/details/106947459