MySQL 数据库 之 三章 外键的变种 ; 数据增删改; 以及 查 之单表, 多表查询;
外键的变种
因为有foreign key的约束,使得两张表形成了三种了关系
三种关系:
- 多对一
- 多对多
- 一对一
找出两张表之间的关系:
分析步骤:
1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)
2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)
3、总结:
多对一:
如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表
多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系
一对一:
如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
示例演示三种关系:
(1)书和出版社
一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书。看图说话。
关联方式:foreign key
(2)作者和书籍的关系
多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多。
看图说话。
关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表
(3)用户和博客
一对一:一个用户只能注册一个博客,即一对一的关系。看图说话
关联方式:foreign key+unique
数据的增删改
在MySQL管理软件中,可以通过SQL语句中的DML语言来实现数据的操作,包括 1.使用INSERT实现数据的插入 2.UPDATE实现数据的更新 3.使用DELETE实现数据的删除 4.使用SELECT查询数据以及。 二、插入数据 INSERT 1. 插入完整数据(顺序插入) 语法一: INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n); insert into 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) values(值1,值2,值3…值n); 语法二: INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n); insert into 表名 values(值1,值2,值3...值n); 2. 指定字段插入数据 语法: INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…); insert inti 表名(字段1, 字段2, 字段3...) values (值1, 值2, 值3...); 3. 插入多条记录 语法: INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n); insert into表名 values (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n); 4. 插入查询结果 语法: INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2 WHERE …; insert into 表名(字段1, 字段2, 字段3...字段n) select (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) from 表2 where …; 三、更新数据UPDATE(update) 语法: UPDATE 表名 SET 字段1=值1, 字段2=值2, WHERE CONDITION; update 表名 set 字段1=值1, 字段2=值2, where condition; 示例: UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’) where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’; 四、删除数据DELETE 语法: DELETE FROM 表名 WHERE CONITION; 示例: DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE password=’’;
数据的查方法之单表查询
#创建表,设置字段的约束条件 create table employee( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28, hire_date date not null, post varchar(50), post_comment varchar(100), salary double(15,2), office int,#一个部门一个屋 depart_id int ); # 查看表结构 mysql> desc employee; +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | emp_name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | | | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | | | hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | | | post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | | salart | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | | | office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ rows in set (0.08 sec) #插入记录 #三个部门:教学,销售,运营 insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部 ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1), ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1), ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1), ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1), ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1), ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1), ('xiaomage','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2), ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2), ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2), ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3), ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3), ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3), ('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3) ; 创建员工表,并插入记录
语法:
一、单表查询的语法 SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名 WHERE 条件 GROUP BY field HAVING 筛选 ORDER BY field LIMIT 限制条数 二、关键字的执行优先级(重点) 重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级 from where group by having select distinct order by limit
1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组
4.将分组的结果进行having过滤
5.执行select
6.去重
7.将结果按条件排序:order by
8.限制结果的显示条数
(1)where 约束:
where子句中可以使用 1.比较运算符:>、<、>=、<=、<>、!= 2.between 80 and 100 :值在80到100之间 3.in(80,90,100)值是10或20或30 4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_。%小时任意多字符,_表示一个字符 5.逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
#1 :单条件查询 mysql> select id,emp_name from employee where id > 5; +----+------------+ | id | emp_name | +----+------------+ | 6 | jingliyang | | 7 | jinxin | | 8 | xiaomage | | 9 | 歪歪 | | 10 | 丫丫 | | 11 | 丁丁 | | 12 | 星星 | | 13 | 格格 | | 14 | 张野 | | 15 | 程咬金 | | 16 | 程咬银 | | 17 | 程咬铜 | | 18 | 程咬铁 | #2 多条件查询 mysql> select emp_name from employee where post='teacher' and salary>10000; +----------+ | emp_name | +----------+ | alex | | jinxin | +----------+ #3.关键字BETWEEN AND SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; #注意''是空字符串,不是null SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment=''; ps: 执行 update employee set post_comment='' where id=2; 再用上条查看,就会有结果了 #5:关键字IN集合查询 mysql> SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ; +------------+---------+ | name | salary | +------------+---------+ | yuanhao | 3500.00 | | jingliyang | 9000.00 | +------------+---------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; +------------+---------+ | name | salary | +------------+---------+ | yuanhao | 3500.00 | | jingliyang | 9000.00 | +------------+---------+ mysql> SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; +-----------+------------+ | name | salary | +-----------+------------+ | egon | 7300.33 | | alex | 1000000.31 | | wupeiqi | 8300.00 | | liwenzhou | 2100.00 | | jinxin | 30000.00 | | xiaomage | 10000.00 | | 歪歪 | 3000.13 | | 丫丫 | 2000.35 | | 丁丁 | 1000.37 | | 星星 | 3000.29 | | 格格 | 4000.33 | | 张野 | 10000.13 | | 程咬金 | 20000.00 | | 程咬银 | 19000.00 | | 程咬铜 | 18000.00 | | 程咬铁 | 17000.00 | +-----------+------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #6:关键字LIKE模糊查询 通配符’%’ mysql> SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'jin%'; +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) 通配符'_' mysql> SELECT age FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'ale_'; +-----+ | age | +-----+ | 78 | +-----+ row in set (0.00 sec) 练习: 1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄 2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄 3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息 5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪 #对应的sql语句 select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher'; select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000; select * from employee where post_comment is not null; select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000); select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000); select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%'; where约束
(2)group by 分组查询:
#1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的 #2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等 #3、为何要分组呢? 取每个部门的最高工资 取每个部门的员工数 取男人数和女人数 小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据 #4、大前提: 可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数
#当执行以下sql语句的时候,是以post字段查询了组中的第一条数据,没有任何意义,因为我们现在想查出当前组的多条记录。 mysql> select * from employee group by post; +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 | | 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 | | 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 | +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #由于没有设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,于是也可以有结果,默认都是组内的第一条记录,但其实这是没有意义的 如果想分组,则必须要设置全局的sql的模式为ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) #查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下: mysql> select @@global.sql_mode; +--------------------+ | @@global.sql_mode | +--------------------+ | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY | +--------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> exit;#设置成功后,一定要退出,然后重新登录方可生效 Bye
(3)聚合函数
max()求最大值 min()求最小值 avg()求平均值 sum() 求和 count() 求总个数 #强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组 # 每个部门有多少个员工 select post,count(id) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的最高薪水 select post,max(salary) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的最低薪水 select post,min(salary) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的平均薪水 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的所有薪水 select post,sum(age) from employee group by post;
4)HAVING过滤
HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于 #!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having #1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。 #2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
验证:
(5)order by 查询排序
按单列排序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age ASC; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age DESC; 按多列排序:先按照age升序排序,如果年纪相同,则按照id降序 SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age ASC, id DESC;
(5)limit 限制查询的记录数:
示例: SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
数据的查方法之多表查询
create table department( id int, name varchar(20) ); create table employee( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', age int, dep_id int ); #插入数据 insert into department values (200,'技术'), (201,'人力资源'), (202,'销售'), (203,'运营'); insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values ('egon','male',18,200), ('alex','female',48,201), ('wupeiqi','male',38,201), ('yuanhao','female',28,202), ('nvshen','male',18,200), ('xiaomage','female',18,204) ; # 查看表结构和数据 mysql> desc department; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.19 sec) mysql> desc employee; +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from department; +------+--------------+ | id | name | +------+--------------+ | 200 | 技术 | | 201 | 人力资源 | | 202 | 销售 | | 203 | 运营 | +------+--------------+ rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from employee; +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
一、多表连接查询
两张表的准备工作已完成,比如现在我要查询的员工信息以及该员工所在的部门。从该题中,我们看出既要查员工又要查该员工的部门,肯定要将两张表进行连接查询,多表连接查询。
重点:外链接语法
语法:
SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
(1)先看第一种情况交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积(关于笛卡尔积的含义,大家百度自行补脑)。
mysql> select * from employee,department; +----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技术 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 销售 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 运营 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技术 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 销售 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 运营 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技术 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 运营 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技术 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 销售 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 运营 |
(2)内连接:只连接匹配的行
#找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了匹配的结果 #department没有204这个部门,因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ | id | name | age | sex | name | +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 销售 | | 5 | nvshen | 18 | male | 技术 | +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) #上述sql等同于 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
(3)外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录
#以左表为准,即找出所有员工信息,当然包括没有部门的员工 #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加左边有,右边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+----------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +----+----------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技术 | | 5 | nvshen | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 | | 6 | xiaomage | NULL | +----+----------+--------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(4) 外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录
#以右表为准,即找出所有部门信息,包括没有员工的部门 #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加右边有,左边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +------+---------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +------+---------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 | | 5 | nvshen | 技术 | | NULL | NULL | 运营 | +------+---------+--------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(5) 全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录(了解)
#外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果 #注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN #强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接 语法:select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union all select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id; mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ; +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 | +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ 7 rows in set (0.01 sec) #注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录
二、符合条件连接查询
示例1:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id where age > 25;
示例2:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示。
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id = department.id and age > 25 order by age asc;
三、子查询
#1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。 #2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。 #3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字 #4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
例子:
(1)带in关键字的子查询
#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名 select id,name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); # 查看技术部员工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name='技术'); #查看不足1人的部门名 select name from department where id not in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id);
(2)带比较运算符的子查询
#比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<> #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄 mysql> select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee); +---------+------+ | name | age | +---------+------+ | alex | 48 | | wupeiqi | 38 | +---------+------+ #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄 思路: (1)先对员工表(employee)中的人员分组(group by),查询出dep_id以及平均年龄。
(2)将查出的结果作为临时表,再对根据临时表的dep_id和employee的dep_id作为筛选条件将employee表和临时表进行内连接。 (3)最后再将employee员工的年龄是大于平均年龄的员工名字和年龄筛选。 mysql> select t1.name,t1.age from employee as t1 inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age; +------+------+ | name | age | +------+------+ | alex | 48 |
(3)带EXISTS关键字的子查询
#EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。而是返回一个真假值。True或False #当返回True时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询 #department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=200); +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ #department表中存在dept_id=205,False mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=204); Empty set (0.00 sec)