Linux系统磁盘配额功能的设置和管理

1. 对硬盘进行分区操作

[root@jsj ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x7a02e23d.

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n //创建新分区

Command action

   e   extended

   p   primary partition (1-4)

P //创建主分区

Partition number (1-4): 1 //输入主分区编号

First cylinder (1-261, default 1):

Using default value 1

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-261, default 261): 130 //分配一半空间给第一个分区

Command (m for help): n //再创建一个新分区

Command action

   e   extended

   p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 2

First cylinder (131-261, default 131):

Using default value 131

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (131-261, default 261):

Using default value 261

Command (m for help): p //显示分区列表

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x7a02e23d

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sdb1               1         130     1044193+  83  Linux

/dev/sdb2             131         261     1052257+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): w //保存磁盘分区信息并退出

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@jsj ~]# fdisk -l //查看当前系统所有磁盘信息

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x7a02e23d //前面在/dev/sdb磁盘上创建分区的列表信息

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sdb1               1         130     1044193+  83  Linux

/dev/sdb2             131         261     1052257+  83  Linux

 2. 建立文件系统

[root@jsj ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb2 //为新创建的磁盘分区/dev/sdb2建立文件系统

mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

文件系统标签=

操作系统:Linux

块大小=4096 (log=2)

分块大小=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

65808 inodes, 263064 blocks

13153 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

第一个数据块=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=272629760

9 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

7312 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376

正在写入inode表: 完成                            

Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

3. 编辑/etc/fstab文件实现磁盘分区的自动挂载

[root@jsj ~]# cd / //进入根目录

[root@jsj /]# mkdir disk2 //创建磁盘分区挂载目录/disk2

[root@jsj /]# ls

bin   dev    etc   lib    lost+found  misc  net  proc  sbin     srv  tmp  var

boot  disk2  home  lib64  media       mnt   opt  root  selinux  sys  usr

[root@jsj /]# cd disk2

[root@jsj ~]# vi /etc/fstab

[root@jsj disk2]#reboot //重启系统使自动挂载设置生效

[root@jsj disk2]# ls

lost+found

4. 关闭Selinux功能（Linux7以上版本不需要）

[root@jsj disk2]# vi /etc/selinux/config

  

[root@jsj disk2]# reboot

5. 编辑/etc/fstab文件启动文件系统的配额功能

[root@jsj ~]# vi /etc/fstab

[root@jsj ~]# cd /disk2

[root@jsj disk2]# ls

lost+found

6. 使文件系统的磁盘配额功能生效

[root@jsj disk2]# mount -o remount /disk2 //重新启动系统，或者利用命令重新挂载增加了磁盘配额功能的文件系统，使之生效。

7. 创建quota配额文件

[root@jsj disk2]# quotacheck -cvug /dev/sdb2 //创建quota配额文件

quotacheck: Your kernel probably supports journaled quota but you are not using it. Consider switching to journaled quota to avoid running quotacheck after an unclean shutdown.

quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb2 [/disk2] done

quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file /disk2/aquota.user: 没有那个文件或目录. Usage will not be substracted.

quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file /disk2/aquota.group: 没有那个文件或目录. Usage will not be substracted.

quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file /disk2/aquota.user: 没有那个文件或目录. Usage will not be substracted.

quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file /disk2/aquota.group: 没有那个文件或目录. Usage will not be substracted.

quotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 files

quotacheck: Old file not found.

quotacheck: Old file not found.

[root@jsj disk2]# ls //查看磁盘配额文件

aquota.group  aquota.user  lost+found

8. 添加用户账户user1

[root@jsj disk2]# useradd -d /disk2/user1 -p 111111 user1 //把新创建的用户的家目录放在启用磁盘配额功能的分区上，该例子中为/dev/sdb1分区的关在点/disk2

[root@jsj disk2]# ls

aquota.group  aquota.user  lost+found  user1

9. 使用edquota命令为user设置磁盘配额

[root@jsj disk2]# edquota -u user1

 

注意：项目blocks、inodes不可修改，文件系统自动更新，blocks后面的soft和hard选项分别用来设置用户可用磁盘空间的大小，用户使用空间超过soft设置值时，系统发出警告，但是用户仍然可以使用，当用户使用空间超过hard设置的值时，系统直接拒绝用户请求并发出警告。inodes后面的soft和hard选项分别用来设置用户可创建文件的数量，用户创建文件数量超过soft设置值时，系统发出警告，但是用户仍然可以创建文件，当用户创建的文件数量超过hard设置的值时，系统直接拒绝用户请求并发出警告。

10. 使用quotaon命令启动文件系统的磁盘配额功能

[root@jsj disk2]# quotaon -avug

/dev/sdb2 [/disk2]: group quotas turned on

/dev/sdb2 [/disk2]: user quotas turned on

11. 切换到用户user1创建文件并查看磁盘配额管理情况

[root@jsj disk2]# su user1

[user1@jsj disk2]$ cd user1

[user1@jsj ~]$ touch 1

[user1@jsj ~]$ touch 2

[user1@jsj ~]$ touch 3

[user1@jsj ~]$ touch 4

sdb2: warning, user file quota exceeded.

[user1@jsj ~]$ touch 5

[user1@jsj ~]$ touch 6

sdb2: write failed, user file limit reached.

touch: 无法创建"6": 超出磁盘限额