type( )

>>> import types
>>> def fn():
...     pass
...
>>> type(fn)==types.FunctionType
True
>>> type(abs)==types.BuiltinFunctionType
True
>>> type(lambda x: x)==types.LambdaType
True
>>> type((x for x in range(10)))==types.GeneratorType
True

dir()

>>> hasattr(obj, 'x') # 有属性'x'吗?
True
>>> obj.x
9
>>> hasattr(obj, 'y') # 有属性'y'吗?
False
>>> setattr(obj, 'y', 19) # 设置一个属性'y'
>>> hasattr(obj, 'y') # 有属性'y'吗?
True
>>> getattr(obj, 'y') # 获取属性'y'
19
>>> obj.y # 获取属性'y'
19

如果试图获取不存在的属性,会抛出AttributeError的错误:

>>> getattr(obj, 'z') # 获取属性'z'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'MyObject' object has no attribute 'z'

可以传入一个default参数,如果属性不存在,就返回默认值:

>>> getattr(obj, 'z', 404) # 获取属性'z',如果不存在,返回默认值404
404

也可以获得对象的方法:

>>> hasattr(obj, 'power') # 有属性'power'吗?
True
>>> getattr(obj, 'power') # 获取属性'power'
<bound method MyObject.power of <__main__.MyObject object at 0x10077a6a0>>
>>> fn = getattr(obj, 'power') # 获取属性'power'并赋值到变量fn
>>> fn # fn指向obj.power
<bound method MyObject.power of <__main__.MyObject object at 0x10077a6a0>>
>>> fn() # 调用fn()与调用obj.power()是一样的
81