Python协程与asyncio
asyncio(解决异步io编程的一整套解决方案,它主要用于异步网络操作、并发和协程)
协程(Coroutine一种用户态的轻量级微线程,它是程序级别的,在执行过程中可以中断去执行其它的子程序,别的子程序也可以中断回来继续执行之前的子程序,无需线程上下文切换的开销)
get_event_loop:创建事件循环
run_until_complete(future):把协程注册到事件循环上,直到它执行完
# coding:utf-8
import asyncio
import time
# 使用async定义一个协程
async def get_corouting():
print("start get a ...")
await asyncio.sleep(2)
print("end get a ...")
start_time = time.time()
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(get_corouting())
# end_time会在run_until_complete里面的协程(get_corouting)执行完后再执行
end_time = time.time()
print(end_time - start_time)
执行结果:
start get a ...
end get a ...
2.004028797149658
create_task(coro):创建一个task,将协程注册到事件循环中
add_done_callback(callback):task在返回结果前执行回调函数,它的参数是接受一个方法callback,如果这个方法需要传参数可使用partial
# coding:utf-8
import asyncio
from functools import partial
# 使用async定义一个协程
async def get_corouting():
print("start get a ...")
await asyncio.sleep(2)
return "cor result"
def callback(file, future):
"""
回调执行解析一个文件
:param file:
:param future:
:return:
"""
print("resolve a file {}".format(file))
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
task = loop.create_task(get_corouting())
task.add_done_callback(partial(callback, "a.txt"))
loop.run_until_complete(task)
print(task.result())
result:
start get a ...
resolve a file a.txt
cor result
在task返回结果前先执行一个回调函数执行解析一个文件,使用partial返回函数
asyncio.wait:与线程池的wait方法一样,可接受FIRST_COMPLETED,ALL_COMPLETED等参数,用于等待协程的完成
asyncio.gather:比wait更加高级,可以对task进行分组,并且可以批量取消task
# coding:utf-8
import time
import asyncio
# 使用async定义一个协程
async def get_corouting(i):
print("start get a{} ...".format(i))
await asyncio.sleep(2)
return "cor result"
start = time.time()
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks1 = [get_corouting(i) for i in range(5) if i % 2 == 0]
tasks2 = [get_corouting(i) for i in range(5) if i % 2 == 1]
group_tasks1 = asyncio.gather(*tasks1)
group_tasks2 = asyncio.gather(*tasks2)
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(group_tasks1, group_tasks2))
end = time.time()
print(end - start)
result:
start get a4 ...
start get a0 ...
start get a2 ...
start get a3 ...
start get a1 ...
2.006136178970337
在协程里面嵌套协程:
# coding:utf-8
import asyncio
async def compute(x, y):
print("compute {0} + {1}".format(x, y))
await asyncio.sleep(1)
return x + y
async def print_sum(x, y):
"""
await时调用compute协程
:param x:
:param y:
:return:
"""
result = await compute(x, y)
print("{0} + {1} = {2}".format(x, y, result))
# 创建task
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
# 将协程print_sum注册到loop中
loop.run_until_complete(print_sum(1, 2))
loop.close()
result:
compute 1 + 2
1 + 2 = 3
在asyncio事件循环中调用非协程回调函数:
call_soon:队列中等待到下一个事件循环时会立即执行
call_later:根据延时调用的时间确定执行的顺序
call_at:在指定的时间运行回调函数 这个时间是loop里面的单调时间(loop.time())
1 # coding:utf-8 2 3 import asyncio 4 5 6 def callback(sleep_times, func_name, loop): 7 print( 8 "{0} time {1} loop_time {2}".format( 9 func_name, sleep_times, loop.time() 10 ) 11 ) 12 13 14 loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() 15 loop.call_later(3, callback, 3, "call_later", loop) 16 loop.call_later(2, callback, 2, "call_later", loop) 17 loop.call_at(loop.time(), callback, 4, "call_at", loop) 18 loop.call_soon(callback, 5, "call_soon", loop) 19 loop.run_forever() 20 21 22 result: 23 call_soon time 5 loop_time 7580.552303919 24 call_at time 4 loop_time 7580.552377718 25 call_later time 2 loop_time 7582.554425915 26 call_later time 3 loop_time 7583.555097398
在这个事件循环中,call_soon最先执行,接着call_at指定的时间是loop当前时间,call_at执行,随后是call_later根据延时的时间大小执行。
使用多线程在协程中集成阻塞IO:
# coding:utf-8
import asyncio
import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
def get_something(i):
"""
用sleep模拟阻塞
:param i:
:return:
"""
time.sleep(i)
print("get {} success".format(i))
start_time = time.time()
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(10)
# run_in_executor:将阻塞函数放到executor(线程池)中运行
tasks = [loop.run_in_executor(executor, get_something, i) for i in range(1, 6)]
# 等待task执行完成
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
print("run time:{}".format(time.time() - start_time))
result:
get 1 success
get 2 success
get 3 success
get 4 success
get 5 success
run time:5.009312391281128