Spring的@Autowired注解
该@Autowired注解提供了在哪里以及如何自动装配应实现更细粒度的控制。@Autowired注解可用于在setter方法上自动连接bean,就像@Required注释,构造函数,属性或具有任意名称和/或多个参数的方法一样。
Setter方法中的@Autowired
您可以在setter方法上使用@Autowired注释来摆脱XML配置文件中的<property>元素。当Spring发现使用setter方法的@Autowired注释时,它会尝试在方法上执行autowire="byType"的自动连接。
例子:
pom.xml:
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.jsoft.testspring</groupId> <artifactId>testannotationautowired</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <packaging>jar</packaging> <name>testannotationautowired</name> <url>http://maven.apache.org</url> <properties> <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>3.8.1</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <!-- Spring Core --> <!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-core --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId> <version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <!-- Spring Context --> <!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-context --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </project>
SpellChecker.java:
package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired; public class SpellChecker { public SpellChecker(){ System.out.println("SpellChecker无参数构造函数初始化"); } public void checkSpelling(){ System.out.println("SpellChecker检查方法"); } }
TextEditor.java:
package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; public class TextEditor { private SpellChecker spellChecker; private String name; @Autowired public void setSpellChecker(SpellChecker spellChecker){ System.out.println("TextEditor通过setter初始化"); this.spellChecker = spellChecker; } public void spellCheck() { this.spellChecker.checkSpelling(); } public void setName(String name){ this.name = name; } public void getName(){ System.out.println(this.name); } }
beans.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"> <context:annotation-config/> <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.SpellChecker"></bean> <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.TextEditor"> <property name="name" value="Hello World!"></property> </bean> </beans>
此时可以看见textEditor的bean上少了一个<property>标签(元素),但是也能运行正常,因为在TextEditor类中标记了@Autowired的注解,自动匹配去匹配相同类型的bean,与在bean中设置autowire="byType"属性保持一致。
运行结果:
而原始的beans.xml中如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"> <context:annotation-config/> <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.SpellChecker"></bean> <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.TextEditor"> <property name="spellChecker" ref="spellChecker"></property> <property name="name" value="Hello World!"></property> </bean> </beans>
属性中的@Autowired
您可以在属性上使用@Autowired注解来摆脱setter方法。当你使用<property>传递自动连线属性的值时,Spring将自动为传递的值或引用分配这些属性。因此,随着@Autowired对属性的使用,您的TextEditor.java文件将如下所示:
package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; public class TextEditor { @Autowired private SpellChecker spellChecker; private String name; public void spellCheck() { this.spellChecker.checkSpelling(); } public void setName(String name){ this.name = name; } public void getName(){ System.out.println(this.name); } }
可以看出上面代码上SpellChecker的setter方法已经去掉了,而在SpellChecker的私有属性上加入了@Autowired的注解。它会自动创建setter方法。
而beans.xml不需要改变。
运行结果如下:
构造函数中的@Autowired
您也可以将@Autowired应用于构造函数。构造函数@Autowired注解表示构造函数在创建bean时应该是自动连线的,即使在XML文件中配置bean时也不使用<constructor-arg>元素。例子如下:
package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; public class TextEditor { private SpellChecker spellChecker; private String name; @Autowired public TextEditor(SpellChecker spellChecker){ System.out.println("TextEditor通过初始化方法赋值SpellChecker"); this.spellChecker = spellChecker; } public void spellCheck() { this.spellChecker.checkSpelling(); } public void setName(String name){ this.name = name; } public void getName(){ System.out.println(this.name); } }
而beas.xml不用改变。
测试结果:
@Autowired的(required=false)选项
默认情况下,@Autowired注解意味着依赖是必须的,它类似于@Required注解,然而,你可以使用@Autowired的(required=false)选项关闭默认行为。例子如下:
package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; public class TextEditor { private SpellChecker spellChecker; private String name; @Autowired public TextEditor(SpellChecker spellChecker){ System.out.println("TextEditor通过初始化方法赋值SpellChecker"); this.spellChecker = spellChecker; } public void spellCheck() { this.spellChecker.checkSpelling(); } @Autowired(required=false) public void setName(String name){ this.name = name; } public void getName(){ System.out.println(this.name); } }
指定了SpellChecker的setter方法不是必须的,那么也修改beans.xml文件,使其不传入此值。修改后的beans.xml如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"> <context:annotation-config/> <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.SpellChecker"></bean> <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.TextEditor"> </bean> </beans>
测试结果:
测试工程:https://github.com/easonjim/5_java_example/tree/master/springtest/test12/testannotationautowired