Spring框架第二篇之Bean的装配

一、默认装配方式

代码通过getBean();方式从容器中获取指定的Bean实例,容器首先会调用Bean类的无参构造器,创建空值的实例对象。

举例:

首先我在applicationContext.xml配置文件中配置了一个bean:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <!-- 注册Service 这里相当于容器做了SomeServiceImpl myService = new SomeServiceImpl(); -->
    <bean id="myService" class="com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.SomeServiceImpl"/>
    
</beans>

创建SomeServiceImpl对象,但需要注意的是该类的只具有带参构造函器,没有无参构造器:

package com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc;

/**
 * 实现类
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public class SomeServiceImpl implements ISomeService {

    private int a;
    
    // 这里注释掉了无参构造函数,希望容器通过带参构造函数创建对象
//    public SomeServiceImpl() {
//        System.out.println("执行无参构造器,创建SomeServiceImpl对象");
//    }

    public SomeServiceImpl(int a) {
        this.a = a;
    }

    @Override
    public void doSomeThing() {
        System.out.println("执行doSomeThing()方法...");
    }

}

测试:

@Test
public void testConstructor() {

    // 创建容器对象,加载Spring配置文件
    // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext会从类路径下查找配置文件
    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

    ISomeService service = (ISomeService) ac.getBean("myService");
    service.doSomeThing();
}

此时程序会报以下的错误:

org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'myService' defined in class path resource [applicationContext.xml]: Instantiation of bean failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.SomeServiceImpl]: No default constructor found; nested exception is java.lang.NoSuchMethodException: com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.SomeServiceImpl.<init>()
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.instantiateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1155)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBeanInstance(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1099)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:513)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:483)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:306)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:230)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:302)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:197)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:761)
    at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:867)
    at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:543)
    at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139)
    at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83)
    at com.ietree.spring.basic.test.MyTest.testConstrutor(MyTest.java:67)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:50)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:47)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:17)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:325)
    at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:78)
    at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:57)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:290)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:71)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:288)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:58)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:268)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:363)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:86)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:459)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:678)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:382)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:192)
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.SomeServiceImpl]: No default constructor found; nested exception is java.lang.NoSuchMethodException: com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.SomeServiceImpl.<init>()
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.SimpleInstantiationStrategy.instantiate(SimpleInstantiationStrategy.java:85)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.instantiateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1147)
    ... 36 more
Caused by: java.lang.NoSuchMethodException: com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.SomeServiceImpl.<init>()
    at java.lang.Class.getConstructor0(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.Class.getDeclaredConstructor(Unknown Source)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.SimpleInstantiationStrategy.instantiate(SimpleInstantiationStrategy.java:80)
    ... 37 more

解析:这里的错误报的很明显,没有发现默认的构造器。

修改:为该类加上无参构造器:

package com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc;

/**
 * 实现类
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public class SomeServiceImpl implements ISomeService {

    private int a;
    
    public SomeServiceImpl() {
        System.out.println("执行无参构造器,创建SomeServiceImpl对象");
    }

    public SomeServiceImpl(int a) {
        this.a = a;
    }

    @Override
    public void doSomeThing() {
        System.out.println("执行doSomeThing()方法...");
    }

}

此时,再次运行测试用例,会发现运行成功。

结论:Spring容器实际上是使用了类的反射机制,会首先调用Bean类的无参构造器创建实例对象。

二、动态工厂Bean

 创建SomeServiceImpl类:

package com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc;

/**
 * 实现类
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public class SomeServiceImpl implements ISomeService {

    public SomeServiceImpl() {
        System.out.println("执行无参构造器,创建SomeServiceImpl对象");
    }

    @Override
    public void doSomeThing() {
        System.out.println("执行doSomeThing()方法...");
    }

}

创建工厂类ServiceFactory:

package com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc;

/**
 * 工厂类
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public class ServiceFactory {

    public ISomeService getSomeService() {
        return new SomeServiceImpl();
    }

}

使用动态工厂方式获取Bean对象,配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <!-- 注册动态工厂 -->
    <bean id="factory" class="com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.ServiceFactory"/>
    
    <!-- 注册Service:动态工厂Bean -->
    <bean id="myService" factory-bean="factory" factory-method="getSomeService"/>
    
</beans>

在这里并没有注册SomeServiceImpl类,而是通过ServiceFactory工厂的getSomeService方法获取的。

测试:

@Test
public void testFactory1() {
        
    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
    ISomeService service = (ISomeService) ac.getBean("myService");
    service.doSomeThing();
}

运行成功。

三、静态工厂Bean

 静态工厂和动态工厂不同的是,静态工厂中使用的是静态方法创建对象,如:

package com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc;

/**
 * 工厂类
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public class ServiceFactory {
    
    // 使用静态方法创建对象
    public static ISomeService getSomeService() {
        return new SomeServiceImpl();
    }

}

对应的配置文件修改如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <!-- 注册Service:静态工厂Bean -->
    <bean id="myService" class="com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.ServiceFactory" factory-method="getSomeService"/>
    
</beans>

测试:

@Test
public void testFactory1() {
        
    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
    ISomeService service = (ISomeService) ac.getBean("myService");
    service.doSomeThing();
}

成功创建SomeServiceImpl对象。

四、容器中的Bean的作用域

 Bean的作用域(scope)分为四种,分别是singleton、prototype、request、session。

scope:
  singleton(默认):单例模式,其对象的创建时机是在Spring容器初始化时创建,是默认值
  prototype:原型模式,其对象的创建时机不是在Spring容器初始化时创建,而是在代码中真正访问时才创建,每次使用getBean方法获取的同一个<bean/>的实例都是一个新的实例
  request:对于每次HTTP请求,都将会产生一个不同的Bean实例
  session:对于每个不同的HTTP session,都将会产生一个不同的Bean实例

验证:

首先配置作用域为singleton:

<bean id="myService" class="com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.SomeServiceImpl" scope="singleton"/>

测试:

@Test
public void test05() {
        
    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        
    ISomeService service1 = (ISomeService) ac.getBean("myService");
    ISomeService service2 = (ISomeService) ac.getBean("myService");
    System.out.println("service1 = service2吗?" + (service1 == service2));
}

程序输出:

调用无参构造器
service1 = service2吗?true

结论:当作用域为singleton单例模式时,只会创建一个对象实例,并且对象是在Spring容器初始化时创建。

同样,当配置为prototype原型模式时:

<bean id="myService" class="com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.SomeServiceImpl" scope="prototype"/>

程序输出:

调用无参构造器
调用无参构造器
service1 = service2吗?false

结论:构造器被调用了两次,说明创建的service1和service2不是同一个对象,并且对象是在被使用到时才创建的。

五、Bean后处理器

 Bean后处理器是一种特殊的Bean,容器中所有的Bean在初始化时,均会自动执行该类的两个方法。由于该Bean是由其它Bean自动调用执行,不是程序员手工调用,故此Bean无须id属性。

需要做的是,在Bean后处理器类方法中,只要对Bean类与Bean类中的方法进行判断,就可实现对指定的Bean的指定的方法进行功能扩展与增强。方法返回的Bean对象,即是增强过的对象。

代码中需要自定义Bean后处理器类,该类就是实现了接口BeanPostProcessor的类。该接口中包含两个方法,分别在目标Bean初始化完毕之前与之后执行,它的返回值为功能被扩展或增强后的Bean对象。

举例:利用Bean后处理器实现大小写字符串转换

接口类ISomeService:

/**
 * 接口类
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public interface ISomeService {
    
    String doSomeThing();
    
}

实现类SomeServiceImpl:

/**
 * 实现类
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public class SomeServiceImpl implements ISomeService {

    public SomeServiceImpl() {
        System.out.println("调用无参构造器");
    }
    
    // 返回小写字母“abcde”
    @Override
    public String doSomeThing() {
        return "abcde";
    }
}

定义Bean处理器MyBeanPostProcessor:

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;

import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;

/**
 * Bean后处理器
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public class MyBeanPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {

    // bean:表示当前正在进行初始化的Bean对象
    // beanName:表示当前正在进行初始化的Bean对象的id
    @Override
    public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        System.out.println("执行----before()方法---");
        return bean;
    }

    @Override
    public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        System.out.println("执行----after()方法---");

        Object obj = Proxy.newProxyInstance(
                bean.getClass().getClassLoader(), 
                bean.getClass().getInterfaces(),
                new InvocationHandler() {

                    @Override
                    public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {

                        Object invoke = method.invoke(bean, args);

                        return ((String) invoke).toUpperCase();
                    }
                });
        return obj;
    }

}

使用JDK动态代理实现大小写转换的功能。

配置文件:

<bean id="myService" class="com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.method2.SomeServiceImpl"/>
    
<!-- 注册Bean后处理器,由于该Bean是由其它Bean自动调用执行,不是程序员手工调用,故此Bean无须id属性 -->
<bean class="com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.method2.MyBeanPostProcessor"></bean>

注意:Bean后处理器不需要配置id的,因为它是随着对象的创建自动调用的。

测试:

@Test
public void test05() {

    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

    ISomeService service = (ISomeService) ac.getBean("myService");
    String result = service.doSomeThing();
    System.out.println(result);
}

程序输出:

调用无参构造器
执行----before()方法---
执行----after()方法---
ABCDE

增强成功。可以判断代理类的类型,进行对单个或单独一类对象做增强。

六、定制Bean的生命周期

 Bean实例从创建到最后销毁,需要经过很多过程,执行很多生命周期方法。

Step1:调用无参构造器,创建实例对象。

Step2:调用参数的setter,为属性注入值。

Step3:若Bean实现了BeanNameAware接口,则会执行接口方法setBeanName(String beanId),使Bean类可以获取其在容器中的id名称。

Step4:若Bean实现了BeanFactoryAware接口,则执行接口方法setBeanFactory(BeanFactory factory),使Bean类可以获取到BeanFactory对象。

Step5:若定义并注册了Bean后处理器BeanPostProcessor,则执行接口方法postProcessBeforeInitialization()。

Step6:若Bean实现了InitializingBean接口,则执行接口方法afterPropertiesSet()方法。该方法在Bean的所有属性的set方法执行完毕后执行,是Bean初始化结束的标志,即Bean实例化结束。

Step7:若设置了init-method方法,则执行。

Step8:若定义并注册了Bean后处理器BeanPostProcessor,则执行接口方法postProcessAfterInitialization().

Step9:执行业务方法。

Step10:若Bean实现了DisposableBean接口,则执行接口方法destroy()。

Step11:若设置了destroy-method方法,则执行。

举例:

创建接口类ISomeService:

/**
 * 接口类
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public interface ISomeService {
    
    void doSomeThing();
    
}

创建接口实现类SomeServiceImpl:

import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactoryAware;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanNameAware;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean;

/**
 * 实现类
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public class SomeServiceImpl implements ISomeService, BeanNameAware, BeanFactoryAware, InitializingBean, DisposableBean {
    
    // 两个属性
    private String adao;
    private String bdao;
    
    public void setAdao(String adao) {
        this.adao = adao;
        System.out.println("Step2:执行settter");
    }

    public void setBdao(String bdao) {
        this.bdao = bdao;
        System.out.println("Step2:执行settter");
    }

    public SomeServiceImpl() {
        System.out.println("Step1:调用无参构造器");
    }
    
    @Override
    public void doSomeThing() {
        System.out.println("Step9:执行doSomeThing()");
    }
    
    public void setUp(){
        System.out.println("Step7:初始化完毕之后 ");
    }
    
    public void tearDown(){
        System.out.println("Step11:销毁之前");
    }

    @Override
    public void setBeanName(String name) {
        System.out.println("Step3:获取到bean的id = " + name);
    }

    @Override
    public void setBeanFactory(BeanFactory beanFactory) throws BeansException {
        System.out.println("Step4:获取到BeanFactory容器 ");
    }

    @Override
    public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("Step6:Bean初始化完毕了 ");
    }

    @Override
    public void destroy() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("Step10:实现的接口销毁之前 ");
    }
}

创建BeanPostProcessor接口的实现类MyBeanPostProcessor:

import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;

/**
 * Bean后处理器
 * 
 * @author Root
 */
public class MyBeanPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {

    // bean:表示当前正在进行初始化的Bean对象
    // beanName:表示当前正在进行初始化的Bean对象的id
    @Override
    public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        System.out.println("Step5:执行----before()方法---");
        return bean;
    }

    @Override
    public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        System.out.println("Step8:执行----after()方法---");
        return bean;
    }

}

配置applicationContext.xml文件:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <!-- 注册Service -->
    <bean id="myService" class="com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.method3.SomeServiceImpl" init-method="setUp" destroy-method="tearDown">
        <property name="adao" value="aaa"></property>
        <property name="bdao" value="bbb"></property>
    </bean>
    
    <!-- 注册Bean后处理器,由于该Bean是由其它Bean自动调用执行,不是程序员手工调用,故此Bean无须id属性 -->
    <bean class="com.ietree.spring.basic.ioc.method3.MyBeanPostProcessor"></bean>

</beans>

测试类:

@Test
public void test05() {

    String resource = "com/ietree/spring/basic/ioc/method3/applicationContext.xml";
    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(resource);

    ISomeService service = (ISomeService) ac.getBean("myService");
    service.doSomeThing();
    // 对于销毁方法的执行,有两个条件:
    // 1)当前的Bean需要是singleton的
    // 2)要手工关闭容器
    ((ClassPathXmlApplicationContext) ac).close();
}

程序输出:

Step1:调用无参构造器
Step2:执行settter
Step2:执行settter
Step3:获取到bean的id = myService
Step4:获取到BeanFactory容器 
Step5:执行----before()方法---
Step6:Bean初始化完毕了 
Step7:初始化完毕之后 
Step8:执行----after()方法---
Step9:执行doSomeThing()
Step10:实现的接口销毁之前 
Step11:销毁之前

正如程序输出的序列一样,此顺序即是对象创建的调用顺序,在编程中可以在某一个过程对其进行增强操作。

七、<bean/>标签的id属性与name属性

 一般情况下,命名<bean/>使用id属性,而不是用name属性,在没有id属性的情况下,name属性与id属性作用是相同的。但,当<bean/>中含有一些特殊字符时,就需要使用name属性了。

id的命名需要满足XML对ID属性命名规范:必须以字母开头,可以包含字母、数字、下划线、连字符、句号、冒号。

name属性值可以包含各种字符。

posted @ 2017-06-18 00:19  远近啊  阅读(699)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报