多目标损失中权重学习

最近在想把collaborative learning做成类似Federated learning可以各个设备独立计算,仅交互参数的东西,打算参考Multi-task的框架。顺路就把Multi-task的东西看了看,然后发现了类似agnostic model或者average model的paper,paper作者还提供了一个tony example,自己代码生疏,正好熟悉一下

Multi-task

自己不熟悉Multi-task,这里也不做总结和梳理,只讲和paper思路、code相关的。

通常,优化目标是一个标量,如果引入多个任务,那么目标函数就变成了一个向量。使向量变成标量最简单的办法就是将各个任务加权平均,这个系数\(w\)是一个hyper-parameter,不好调整的。average model或者agnostic model做的就是让模型自己学习这个参数\(w\),这也是这篇文章的思路,不过这篇文章我觉得更好的一点在于对\(w\)还有正则项,即原文中的公式(10)

\[\frac{1}{2\sigma^2_1}\mathcal{L}_1({\rm W})+\frac{1}{\sigma_2^2}\mathcal{L}_2({\rm W})+\underbrace{\log(\sigma_1\sigma_2)}_{regularization} \]

\(\sigma\)增大的时候,对应的\(\mathcal{L}\)权重减小,同时最后一个正则项限制了\(\sigma\)的无限制增大。

我最近看过4~5篇这样学习权重的idea,有叫adaptive的,有叫agnostic的、还有叫average的,还有在华为2018年前一篇meta-learning中对MAML学习率做调整动态调整的,总之差不多都一个意思。

(虽然我之前很不喜欢这种小修小补,但是我连小修小补都做不出来,/(ㄒoㄒ)/~~!九层之台,起于垒土,挖坑也是从填坑开始的!)

code

作者的code使用keras写的,通过查阅keras目前定义函数loss的方式仅允许输入y_prey_tru两项,而这篇文章的loss又是比较复杂,依赖于\(\sigma\),而且\(\sigma\)也是要学习的参数。因此作者通过定义一个参数层来实现

from keras.layers import Input, Dense, Lambda, Layer
from keras.initializers import Constant
from keras.models import Model
from keras import backend as K

# Custom loss layer
# Inherit from Layer. Must have build and call function
class CustomMultiLossLayer(Layer):
    def __init__(self, nb_outputs=2, **kwargs):
        self.nb_outputs = nb_outputs
        self.is_placeholder = True
        super(CustomMultiLossLayer, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        
    def build(self, input_shape=None):
        # initialise log_vars
        # define learning parameters by add_weight function(set trainable=True)
        self.log_vars = []
        for i in range(self.nb_outputs):
            self.log_vars += [self.add_weight(name='log_var' + str(i), shape=(1,),
                                              initializer=Constant(0.), trainable=True)]
        super(CustomMultiLossLayer, self).build(input_shape)
	
    def multi_loss(self, ys_true, ys_pred):
        # Because kera loss function only support input y_true and y_pred
        # this complex function use class attributes to program loss
        assert len(ys_true) == self.nb_outputs and len(ys_pred) == self.nb_outputs
        loss = 0
        for y_true, y_pred, log_var in zip(ys_true, ys_pred, self.log_vars):
            precision = K.exp(-log_var[0])
            loss += K.sum(precision * (y_true - y_pred)**2. + log_var[0], -1)
        return K.mean(loss)

    def call(self, inputs):
        ys_true = inputs[:self.nb_outputs]
        ys_pred = inputs[self.nb_outputs:]
        loss = self.multi_loss(ys_true, ys_pred)
        self.add_loss(loss, inputs=inputs)  # adding loss to class _loss attribute
        # We won't actually use the output.
        return K.concatenate(inputs, -1)
def get_prediction_model():
    inp = Input(shape=(Q,), name='inp')
    x = Dense(nb_features, activation='relu')(inp)
    y1_pred = Dense(D1)(x)
    y2_pred = Dense(D2)(x)
    return Model(inp, [y1_pred, y2_pred])

def get_trainable_model(prediction_model):
    inp = Input(shape=(Q,), name='inp')
    y1_pred, y2_pred = prediction_model(inp)
    y1_true = Input(shape=(D1,), name='y1_true')
    y2_true = Input(shape=(D2,), name='y2_true')
    out = CustomMultiLossLayer(nb_outputs=2)([y1_true, y2_true, y1_pred, y2_pred])
    return Model([inp, y1_true, y2_true], out)

prediction_model = get_prediction_model()
trainable_model = get_trainable_model(prediction_model)
trainable_model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss=None)
assert len(trainable_model.layers[-1].trainable_weights) == 2  # two log_vars, one for each output
assert len(trainable_model.losses) == 1

作者通过自己定义一个损失函数层来实现complex loss,后来我在知乎上找到了一篇讲解keras如何做custom loss的文章,主要代码贴在这里

class WbceLoss(KL.Layer):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(WbceLoss, self).__init__(**kwargs)

    def call(self, inputs, **kwargs):
        """
        # inputs:Input tensor, or list/tuple of input tensors.
        如上,父类KL.Layer的call方法明确要求inputs为一个tensor,或者包含多个tensor的列表/元组
        所以这里不能直接接受多个入参,需要把多个入参封装成列表/元组的形式然后在函数中自行解包,否则会报错。
        """
        # 解包入参
        y_true, y_weight, y_pred = inputs
        # 复杂的损失函数
        bce_loss = K.binary_crossentropy(y_true, y_pred)
        wbce_loss = K.mean(bce_loss * y_weight)
        # 重点:把自定义的loss添加进层使其生效,同时加入metric方便在KERAS的进度条上实时追踪
        self.add_loss(wbce_loss, inputs=True)
        self.add_metric(wbce_loss, aggregation="mean", name="wbce_loss")
        return wbce_loss
    
def my_model():
    # input layers
    input_img = KL.Input([64, 64, 3], name="img")
    input_lbl = KL.Input([64, 64, 1], name="lbl")
    input_weight = KL.Input([64, 64, 1], name="weight")
    
    predict = KL.Conv2D(2, [1, 1], padding="same")(input_img)
    my_loss = WbceLoss()([input_lbl, input_weight, predict])

    model = KM.Model(inputs=[input_img, input_lbl, input_weight], outputs=[predict, my_loss])
    model.compile(optimizer="adam")
    return model

参考资料

  1. Github: yaringal, multi-task-learning-example
  2. Multi-Task Learning Using Uncertainty to Weigh Losses for Scene Geometry and Semantics
  3. [知乎: Ziyigogogo, Tensorflow2.0中复杂损失函数实现](
posted @ 2020-04-25 23:53  Neo_DH  阅读(1759)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报