APIView(基本视图类)

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  • 做学生模型的五个接口
  • urls:
  • from . import views
from django.urls import path

urlpatterns = [
    path("d1/",views.StudentList1APIView.as_view()),
    path("d1/<int:pk>/",views.Student2APIView.as_view()),
]

     

  • 序列化器:
  • from FRAMEWORK.models import Student
from rest_framework import serializers
class StudentModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Student
        fields = "__all__"

     

  • 视图层:
  • 复制代码
    from FRAMEWORK.models import Student
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from demo.serializers import StudentModelSerializer  # 导入写好的序列化器
from rest_framework import status

"""
GET  /students/ 获取多条数据
POST /students /添加一条数据
"""


class StudentList1APIView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        # 获取多条数据
        # 数据库查询
        student_list = Student.objects.all()
        # 序列化
        serializer = StudentModelSerializer(student_list, many=True)
        # 返还前端
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def post(self, request):
        # 添加一条数据
        # 接收数据,实例化序列化器,并用接受的数据作为参数
        serializer = StudentModelSerializer(data=request.data)
        # 反序列化,用is_valid做字段校验
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        # 反序列化,save保存数据
        serializer.save()
        # 反序列化,新增数据返回给客户端
        return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)


"""
GET /students/<pk>获取一条数据
PUT /students/<pk>更新一条数据
DELETE /students/<pk>删除一条数据
"""


class Student2APIView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, pk):
        # 获取一条数据
        try:
            # 操作模型,根据pk指定获取对象
            student = Student.objects.get(pk=pk)
            # 实例化序列化器
            serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=student)
            # 返回序列化后的数据
            return Response(serializer.data)
        except Student.DoesNotExist:
            return Response({"msg": "当前学生不存在"}, status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)

    def put(self, request, pk):
        # 更新一条数据
        try:
            student = Student.objects.get(pk=pk)
            serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=student,data=request.data)
            serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data)
        except Student.DoesNotExist:
            return Response({"msg":"当前学生不存在,拒接更新操作"},status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)

    def delete(self, request, pk):
        # 删除一条数据
        try:
            student = Student.objects.get(pk=pk)
            student.delete()
            return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
        except Student.DoesNotExist:
            return Response({"msg":"当前学生已被删除"},status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)
    复制代码

     

  • 通用类的使用
  • 属性:serializer_class #指定序列化器
  • 方法:self.get_serializer()#获取序列化对象;self.get_serializer_class()#获取序列化类
  • 属性:queryset #指定查询集
  • 方法:self.get_queryset()#获取视图查询集;self.get_object()#获取单个数据(内含pk)

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  • 复制代码
    """
通用视图类:GenericAPIView 
rest_framework.generics.GenericAPIView是APIView子类
提供了2个属性,4个方法
APIView中接口代码,除了部分涉及到调用模型与序列化器,其余代码比较固定
针对增删查改的通用接口完全可以复用,即使用通用视图类
"""
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView


class StudentList2GenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
    queryset = Student.objects.all()
    # queryset = Student.objects #默认调用all()
    serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer

    def get(self, request):
        """获取多条数据"""
        # 实例化序列化器对象,获取模型对象列表,(面向对象原则,属性尽量不要直接使用)
        # 采用self.get_serializer与self.get_queryset去调用
        serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=self.get_queryset(), many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def post(self, request):
        """添加一条数据"""
        serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        serializer.save()
        return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)


class Student2GenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
    queryset = Student.objects.all()  # 模型对象
    serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer  # 序列化器

    def get(self, request, pk):
        """获取单条数据"""
        # 根据pk获取对应数据
        # instance = Student.objects.all().get(pk=pk)#原生写
        instance = self.get_object()  # 简写,且对错误进行了处理(建议)
        serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=instance)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def put(self, request, pk):
        """更新一条数据"""
        instance = self.get_object()
        serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=instance, data=request.data)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        serializer.save()
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def delete(self, request, pk):
        """删除一条数据"""
        instance = self.get_object()
        instance.delete()
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
    复制代码

     

  • 复制代码
    """
通用视图类结合Mixins混入类(扩展类)
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin     获取多条数据，返回响应结果 list
from rest_framework.mixins import CreateModelMixin   添加一条数据，返回响应结果 create
from rest_framework.mixins import RetrieveModelMixin 获取一条数据，返回响应结果 retrieve
from rest_framework.mixins import UpdateModelMixin   更新一条数据，返回响应结果 update和partial_update
from rest_framework.mixins import DestroyModelMixin  删除一条数据，返回响应结果 destroy
"""

from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin


class StudentMixinModelAPIView(GenericAPIView, ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin):
    queryset = Student.objects.all()
    serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """用list方法获取多条数据"""
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """create添加一条数据"""
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)


from rest_framework.mixins import RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin


class Student2MixinModelAPIView(GenericAPIView, RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin):
    queryset = Student.objects.all()
    serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """retrieve获取一条数据"""
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """update更新一条数据"""
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """destroy删除一条数据"""
        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)


"""
上面混合还可以更精简,提供了视图子类
单一视图子类:
    from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView,**
    ListAPIView = GenericAPIView + ListModelMixin
    CreateAPIView = GenericAPIView + CreateModelMixin
    RetrieveAPIView = GenericAPIView + RetrieveModelMixin
    UpdateAPIView = GenericAPIView + UpdateModelMixin
    DestroyAPIView = GenericAPIView + DestroyModelMixin
    
组合视图子类:
    #获取多条数据,+添加一条数据
    ListCreateAPIView = ListAPIView+CreateAPIView
    　　
    """
# 导入单一视图类
from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView, CreateAPIView, RetrieveAPIView, UpdateAPIView, DestroyAPIView

# class StudentView1(ListAPIView, CreateAPIView, RetrieveAPIView, UpdateAPIView, DestroyAPIView):
#     """继承单一视图子类需要继承四个"""
#     queryset = Student.objects.all()
#     serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer


# 混合使用
from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView


class StudentView1(ListCreateAPIView):
    """多条数据查询以及添加单条数据"""
    queryset = Student.objects.all()
    serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer


# 三种实现单条数据处理的导入方式
# from rest_framework.generics import RetrieveDestroyAPIView, UpdateAPIView  # 组合视图类+单一试图类
# from rest_framework.generics import RetrieveUpdateAPIView, DestroyAPIView  # 组合视图类+单一试图类
from rest_framework.generics import RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView  # 完整组合视图类


class StudentView1_simple(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    """单条数据的查询,更新,删除"""
    queryset = Student.objects.all()
    serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
    复制代码

     

  • 此时url配置来到了如下:
  • 复制代码
    from . import views
from django.urls import path

urlpatterns = [
    # 继承APIView
    path("d1/", views.StudentList1APIView.as_view()),
    path("d1/<int:pk>/", views.Student2APIView.as_view()),
    # 通用视图类:GenericAPIView
    path("d2/", views.StudentList2GenericAPIView.as_view()),
    path("d2/<int:pk>/", views.Student2GenericAPIView.as_view()),
    # 通用视图类+混入类:GenericAPIView+Mixins
    path("d3/", views.StudentMixinModelAPIView.as_view()),
    path("d3/<int:pk>", views.Student2MixinModelAPIView.as_view()),
    # 组合视图子类:ListCreateAPIView,RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView
    path("d4/", views.StudentView1.as_view()),
    path("d4/<int:pk>", views.StudentView1_simple.as_view()),
]
    复制代码

     

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