mysql--表的约束

约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是修饰表的可选参数

作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性

主要分为以下几类:

  PRIMARY KEY (PK)    标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
  FOREIGN KEY (FK)    标识该字段为该表的外键
  NOT NULL    标识该字段不能为空
  UNIQUE KEY (UK)    标识该字段的值是唯一的
  AUTO_INCREMENT    标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
  DEFAULT    为该字段设置默认值
  UNSIGNED 无符号
  ZEROFILL 使用0填充
  还有一些联合组合使用方法
说明:
  1. 是否允许为空,默认NULL,可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空,必须赋值
  2. 字段是否有默认值,缺省的默认值是NULL,如果插入记录时不给字段赋值,此字段使用默认值
  sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
  age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必须为正值(无符号) 不允许为空 默认是20
  3. 是否是key
  主键 primary key
  外键 foreign key
  索引 (index,unique...)
一:not null 与 default
  是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
  not null-不可空
  null-可空
  
  默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则默认添加默认值

    create table tb1(nid int not null defalut 2,num int not null);
  验证:
    ==================not null====================
    mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
    mysql> desc t1;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空


    mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
    mysql> desc t2;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
    ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value



    ==================default====================
    #设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
    mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
    mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;


  
    ==================综合练习====================
    mysql> create table student(
        -> name varchar(20) not null,
        -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
        -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
        -> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music'
        -> );
    mysql> desc student;
    +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
    | Field | Type                               | Null | Key | Default    | Extra |
    +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
    | name  | varchar(20)                        | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
    | age   | int(3) unsigned                    | NO   |     | 18         |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female')              | YES  |     | male       |       |
    | hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES  |     | play,music |       |
    +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
    mysql> select * from student;
    +------+-----+------+------------+
    | name | age | sex  | hobby      |
    +------+-----+------+------------+
    | egon |  18 | male | play,music |    +------+-----+------+------------+
unique  
  ============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE===============   
方法一:     
  create table department1( id int, name varchar(20)     
  unique, comment varchar(100) );   
方法二:  
  create table department2( id int, name varchar(20),  
  comment varchar(100), constraint uk_name unique(name) );  
  mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');  
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)   
  mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');   
  ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
  
not null + unique的化学反应

  mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

  mysql> desc t1;
  +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
  +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  row in set (0.00 sec

联合唯一
  create table service(
  id int primary key auto_increment,
  name varchar(20),
  host varchar(15) not null,
  port int not null,
  unique(host,port) #联合唯一
  );

  mysql> insert into service values
      -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
      -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
      -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
      -> ;
  Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
  Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

  mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
  ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
三 primary key
  

  primary key字段的值不为空且唯一


  一个表中可以:


  单列做主键
  多列做主键(复合主键)

  但一个表内只能有一个主键primary key

 单列主键
  ============单列做主键===============
  #方法一:not null+unique
  create table department1(
  id int not null unique, #主键
  name varchar(20) not null unique,
  comment varchar(100)
  );

  mysql> desc department1;
  +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
  | name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
  | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  rows in set (0.01 sec)

  #方法二:在某一个字段后用primary key
  create table department2(
  id int primary key, #主键
  name varchar(20),
  comment varchar(100)
  );

  mysql> desc department2;
  +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
  | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  rows in set (0.00 sec)

  #方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
  create table department3(
  id int,
  name varchar(20),
  comment varchar(100),
  constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name

  mysql> desc department3;
  +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
  | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
  +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  rows in set (0.01 sec)
多列主键

  ==================多列做主键================
  create table service(
  ip varchar(15),
  port char(5),
  service_name varchar(10) not null,
  primary key(ip,port)
  );


  mysql> desc service;
  +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
  | port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
  | service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
  +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  rows in set (0.00 sec)

  mysql> insert into service values
      -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
      -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
      -> ;
  Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
  Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

  mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
  ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
四 auto_increment
  约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
#不指定id,则自动增长
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values
    -> ('egon'),
    -> ('alex')
    -> ;

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
|  2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+


#也可以指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex    |
+----+------+--------+
|  1 | egon | male   |
|  2 | alex | male   |
|  4 | asb  | female |
|  7 | wsb  | female |
+----+------+--------+


#对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  8 | ysb  | male |
+----+------+------+

#应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
步长increment与起始偏移量offset:auto_increment_increment,auto_increment_offset
 

员工信息表有三个字段:工号  姓名  部门


公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费


解决方法:


我们完全可以定义一个部门表


然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key

#表类型必须是innodb存储引擎,且被关联的字段,即references指定的另外一个表的字段,必须保证唯一
create table department(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null
)engine=innodb;

#dpt_id外键,关联父表(department主键id),同步更新,同步删除
create table employee(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
dpt_id int,
constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id)
references department(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
)engine=innodb;


#先往父表department中插入记录
insert into department values
(1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部'),
(2,'艾利克斯人力资源部'),
(3,'销售部');


#再往子表employee中插入记录
insert into employee values
(1,'egon',1),
(2,'alex1',2),
(3,'alex2',2),
(4,'alex3',2),
(5,'李坦克',3),
(6,'刘飞机',3),
(7,'张火箭',3),
(8,'林子弹',3),
(9,'加特林',3)
;


#删父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
mysql> delete from department where id=3;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name  | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
|  1 | egon  |      1 |
|  2 | alex1 |      2 |
|  3 | alex2 |      2 |
|  4 | alex3 |      2 |
+----+-------+--------+


#更新父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name  | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
|  1 | egon  |      1 |
|  3 | alex2 |  22222 |
|  4 | alex3 |  22222 |
|  5 | alex1 |  22222 |
+----+-------+--------+


posted @ 2017-09-07 08:30  DaMoWang  阅读(196)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报