【Python】python笔记：时间模块/时间函数

1、Python时间模块

import time
import datetime

# 一: time模块 ##############
# 1、时间戳
print (time.time())

# 1661827966.8915884


# 2、格式化的字符串形式:2020-11-11 11:11:11
print (time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %A'))
print (time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %X %A'))
print (time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %X'))
print (time.strftime('%x %X %A'))
print (time.strftime('%Y'))
print (time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',time.localtime(time.time())))

# 2022-08-30 10:52:46 Tuesday
# 2022-08-30 10:52:46 Tuesday
# 2022-08-30 10:52:46
# 08/30/22 10:52:46 Tuesday
# 2022
# 2022-08-30 10:52:46


# 3、结构化时间
res = time.localtime()
print (res)
print (res.tm_year)
print (res.tm_mon)

# time.struct_time(tm_year=2022, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=30, tm_hour=10, tm_min=52, tm_sec=46, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=242, tm_isdst=0)
# 2022
# 8


# 二: datetime模块 ##############
res = datetime.datetime.now()
print (res)  # 当前时间
print (res.replace(microsecond=0))    # 去除微妙
res = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=12)  # 当前时间加12天
print (res)
print (datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'))

# 2022-08-30 10:58:18.081424
# 2022-08-30 10:58:18
# 2022-09-11 10:58:18.081424
# 2022-08-30 10:58:18


# 三: 时间类型转换
# 时间戳 ---localtime/gmtime---> 结构化时间 ---strftime---> 格式化的字符串时间
# 时间戳 <---mktime----------    结构化时间 <---strptime--- 格式化的字符串时间


# 时间戳转字符串: (时间戳单位是秒)
timestamp = 1668139932
timestr = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %X', time.localtime(timestamp))
print('秒级时间戳转为格式化的字符串时间:' + timestr)

# 时间戳转字符串: (时间戳单位是毫秒，需要先转成秒级时间戳)
timestamp = 1668139932000
timestamp = timestamp/1000
time_str = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(timestamp))
print('毫秒级时间戳转为格式化的字符串时间:' + time_str)


# time_str = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(time.time()))
time_str = '2022-11-11 12:12:12'
time_array  = time.strptime(time_str,'%Y-%m-%d %X')
timestamp = int(time.mktime(time_array))
print(f'time_str = {time_str}')
print(f'time_array = {time_array}')
print(f'timestamp = {timestamp}')
print ('格式化的字符串时间转为时间戳(秒级):' + str(timestamp))

# 秒级时间戳转为格式化的字符串时间:2022-11-11 12:12:12
# 毫秒级时间戳转为格式化的字符串时间:2022-11-11 12:12:12
# time_str = 2022-11-11 12:12:12
# time_array = time.struct_time(tm_year=2022, tm_mon=11, tm_mday=11, tm_hour=12, tm_min=12, tm_sec=12, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=315, tm_isdst=-1)
# timestamp = 1668139932
# 格式化的字符串时间转为时间戳(秒级):1668139932



# 四: 其它时间格式
print(time.asctime())    # 和time.strftime()功能一样,但是格式固定,不能自定义格式
print(time.ctime())    # 直接把时间戳转为固定的字符串格式,但是格式固定,不能自定义格式.括号中不给值默认把当前时间戳转为字符串格式
print(datetime.datetime.now())
print(datetime.datetime.utcnow())  # 标准时间
print(datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(1668139932))  # 直接把时间戳转为格式化的时间字符串,但是格式固定,不能自定义格式

# Tue Aug 30 11:34:24 2022
# Tue Aug 30 11:34:24 2022
# 2022-08-30 11:34:24.698108
# 2022-08-30 03:34:24.698108
# 2022-11-11 12:12:12

2、python获取秒级时间戳与毫秒级时间戳、微秒级时间戳

import time
import datetime
import calendar

# 获取时间戳
t = time.time()
t_s = int(t)				        # 秒(s) second
t_ms= int(round(t * 1000))	        # 毫秒(ms) millisecond
t_μs= int(round(t * 1000000))       # 微妙(μs) microsecond

# 将秒级时间戳转为日期
ts2dt = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(t_s))
# 将时间格式转成另一种时间格式
dt_new1 = datetime.datetime.strptime(ts2dt,'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S').strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S')
dt_new2 = datetime.datetime.strptime(ts2dt,'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S').strftime('%m/%d/%Y %H:%M')
dt_new3 = datetime.datetime.strptime(dt_new2,'%m/%d/%Y %H:%M').strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')

# 由字符串格式转化为日期格式的函数为: datetime.datetime.strptime(t_str,"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
# 由日期格式转化为字符串格式的函数为: datetime.datetime.strftime(t_date,"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
# String转时间格式
t_str    = '2022-03-25 11:23:03'
str2time = datetime.datetime.strptime(t_str, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
# 时间格式转String
time2str = str2time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")

# 格式转化
t_str_2 = '20220325'
str2time_2 = datetime.datetime.strptime(t_str_2, "%Y%m%d")
time2str_2 = str2time_2.strftime("%Y%m%d")
t_str_3 = '2022-03-25'
t_date =t_str_3.replace("-","")

# 转结构体时间struct_time
# 日期时间转结构体
dt2st = time.strptime('2022-03-25 11:23:03', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
# 时间戳转结构体
ts2st = time.localtime(1648178583)

print (f'原始时间值         = {t}')
print (f'秒级时间戳(10位)   = {t_s}')
print (f'毫秒级时间戳(13位) = {t_ms}')
print (f'微秒级时间戳(16位) = {t_μs}')
print (f'-----------------------------')
print (f'秒级时间戳转为日期 = {ts2dt}')
print (f'时间格式转换1     = {dt_new1}')
print (f'时间格式转换2     = {dt_new2}')
print (f'时间格式转换3     = {dt_new3}')
print (f'-----------------------------')
print (f'str2time = {str2time} , type = {type(str2time)}')
print (f'time2str = {time2str} , type = {type(time2str)}')
print (f'str2time_2 = {str2time_2} , type = {type(str2time_2)}')
print (f'time2str_2 = {time2str_2} , type = {type(time2str_2)}')
print (f't_date = {t_date} , type = {type(t_date)}')
print (f'-----------------------------')
print (f'日期时间转结构体   = {dt2st}')
print (f'时间戳转结构体     = {ts2st}')

# 返回
原始时间值         = 1648189220.4241912
秒级时间戳(10位)   = 1648189220
毫秒级时间戳(13位) = 1648189220424
微秒级时间戳(16位) = 1648189220424191
-----------------------------
秒级时间戳转为日期 = 2022-03-25 14:20:20
时间格式转换1     = 2022/03/25 14:20:20
时间格式转换2     = 03/25/2022 14:20
时间格式转换3     = 2022-03-25 14:20:00
-----------------------------
str2time = 2022-03-25 11:23:03 , type = <class 'datetime.datetime'>
time2str = 2022-03-25 11:23:03 , type = <class 'str'>
str2time_2 = 2022-03-25 00:00:00 , type = <class 'datetime.datetime'>
time2str_2 = 20220325 , type = <class 'str'>
t_date = 20220325 , type = <class 'str'>
-----------------------------
日期时间转结构体   = time.struct_time(tm_year=2022, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=25, tm_hour=11, tm_min=23, tm_sec=3, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=84, tm_isdst=-1)
时间戳转结构体     = time.struct_time(tm_year=2022, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=25, tm_hour=11, tm_min=23, tm_sec=3, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=84, tm_isdst=0)

3、获取当前日期时间

dt    = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
dt_ms = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f')   # 含微秒的日期时间
dt_year = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y')
dt_month = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%m')
dt_day = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%d')
dt_yyyymm = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m')
dt_yyyymmdd1 = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d')
dt_yyyymmdd2 = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
dt_yyyymmdd3 = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y/%m/%d')

print (f'当前时间       = {dt}')
print (f'当前时间带微秒  = {dt_ms}')
print (f'当前时间年份    = {dt_year}')
print (f'当前时间月份    = {dt_month}')
print (f'当前时间日期    = {dt_day}')
print (f'当前时间年月    = {dt_yyyymm}')
print (f'当前时间年月日  = {dt_yyyymmdd1}')
print (f'当前时间年月日  = {dt_yyyymmdd2}')
print (f'当前时间年月日  = {dt_yyyymmdd3}')

# 返回值
当前时间       = 2022-03-24 17:57:37
当前时间带微秒  = 2022-03-24 17:57:37.403094
当前时间年份    = 2022
当前时间月份    = 03
当前时间日期    = 24
当前时间年月    = 202203
当前时间年月日  = 20220324
当前时间年月日  = 2022-03-24
当前时间年月日  = 2022/03/24

4、获取今日零点时间

# 日期
currentDate     = datetime.date.today()
yesterdayDate   = datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=-1)
daybeforeyesDate= datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=-2)
tomorrowDate    = datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
dayaftertomDate = datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=2)

# 日期时间
currentDatetime     = datetime.datetime.now()
yesterdayDatetime   = currentDatetime + datetime.timedelta(days=-1)
tomorrowDatetime    = currentDatetime + datetime.timedelta(days=1)


# 日期零点 (三种方法)
currentDate_0 = datetime.date.today().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
currentTime_0 = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d 00:00:00")
currentNow_0  = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d 00:00:00')


print (f'今天日期    = {currentDate}')
print (f'昨天日期    = {yesterdayDate}')
print (f'前天日期    = {daybeforeyesDate}')
print (f'明天日期    = {tomorrowDate}')
print (f'后天日期    = {dayaftertomDate}')
print (f'当前时间           = {currentDatetime}')
print (f'当前时间往前24小时  = {yesterdayDatetime}')
print (f'当前时间往后24小时  = {tomorrowDatetime}')
print("datetime.date - 今日0点 = %s" % currentDate_0)
print("time          - 今日0点 = %s" % currentTime_0)
print("now           - 今日0点 = %s" % currentNow_0)

# 返回
今天日期    = 2022-03-24
昨天日期    = 2022-03-23
前天日期    = 2022-03-22
明天日期    = 2022-03-25
后天日期    = 2022-03-26
当前时间           = 2022-03-24 18:24:03.454874
当前时间往前24小时  = 2022-03-23 18:24:03.454874
当前时间往后24小时  = 2022-03-25 18:24:03.454874
datetime.date - 今日0点 = 2022-03-24 00:00:00
time          - 今日0点 = 2022-03-24 00:00:00
now           - 今日0点 = 2022-03-24 00:00:00

5、获取昨上周一,下周一,上个月初，月末日期时间等

# 获取本周第一天和本周最后一天日期
today           = datetime.date.today()
weekday         = today.weekday()    # 今天实际周几 = today.weekday() + 1
currentWeekday1 = today + datetime.timedelta(days=-weekday)
currentWeekday7 = today + datetime.timedelta(days=-weekday + 6)
# 获取上周第一天和上周最后一天日期
lastWeekday1    = today + datetime.timedelta(days=-weekday - 7)
lastWeekday7    = today + datetime.timedelta(days=-weekday - 1)
# 获取下周第一天和下周最后一天日期
nextWeekday1    = today + datetime.timedelta(days=-weekday + 7)
nextWeekday7    = today + datetime.timedelta(days=-weekday + 13)


# 获取本月第一天和最后一天日期
now               = datetime.datetime.now()
currentMonthBegin = datetime.datetime(now.year, now.month, 1)
currentMonthEnd   = datetime.datetime(now.year, now.month, calendar.monthrange(now.year, now.month)[1])
# 获取上个月第一天和最后一天日期
lastMonthEnd      = currentMonthBegin + datetime.timedelta(days=-1)
lastMonthBegin    = datetime.datetime(lastMonthEnd.year, lastMonthEnd.month, 1)
# 获取下个月第一天和最后一天日期
nextMonthBegin    = currentMonthEnd + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
nextMonthEnd      = datetime.datetime(nextMonthBegin.year, nextMonthBegin.month, calendar.monthrange(nextMonthBegin.year, nextMonthBegin.month)[1])

# 获取本季第一天和最后一天
month = (now.month - 1) - (now.month - 1) % 3 + 1
this_quarter_start = datetime.datetime(now.year, month, 1)
this_quarter_end = datetime.datetime(now.year, month+2, calendar.monthrange(now.year, now.month)[1])
# 获取上季第一天和最后一天
last_quarter_end = this_quarter_start + datetime.timedelta(days=-1)
last_quarter_start = datetime.datetime(last_quarter_end.year, last_quarter_end.month - 2, 1)
# 获取下季季第一天和最后一天
next_quarter_start = this_quarter_end + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
next_quarter_end = datetime.datetime(next_quarter_start.year, next_quarter_start.month + 2, calendar.monthrange(next_quarter_start.year, next_quarter_start.month+2)[1])

# 获取本年第一天和最后一天
this_year_start = datetime.datetime(now.year, 1, 1)
this_year_end = datetime.datetime(now.year + 1, 1, 1) + datetime.timedelta(days=-1)
# 获取去年第一天和最后一天
last_year_end = this_year_start - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
last_year_start = datetime.datetime(last_year_end.year, 1, 1)
# 获取明年第一天和最后一天
next_year_start = this_year_end + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
next_year_end = datetime.datetime(next_year_start.year + 1, 1, 1) + datetime.timedelta(days=-1)

""" 注：
calendar.monthrange(year,month)
传入两个值：一个是当前的年份，另外一个是当前的月份
写法可以是：calendar.monthrange(now.year,now.month)

返回两个整数。
第一个值为该月第一天所在的星期几，对应的数字。0 - 6==>0（星期一）到6（星期日）
第二个值为该月一共几天。
"""

print (f'今天日期    = {today}')
print (f'今日周几    = {weekday}')
print (f'本周一日期  = {currentWeekday1}')
print (f'本周日日期  = {currentWeekday7}')
print (f'上周一日期  = {lastWeekday1}')
print (f'上周日日期  = {lastWeekday7}')
print (f'下周一日期  = {nextWeekday1}')
print (f'下周日日期  = {nextWeekday7}')
print (f'-----------------------------')
print (f'本月月初日期  = {currentMonthBegin}')
print (f'本月月末日期  = {currentMonthEnd}')
print (f'上月月初日期  = {lastMonthBegin}')
print (f'上月月末日期  = {lastMonthEnd}')
print (f'下月月初日期  = {nextMonthBegin}')
print (f'下月月末日期  = {nextMonthEnd}')
print (f'------------------------------')
print (f'本季季初日期  = {this_quarter_start}')
print (f'本季季末日期  = {this_quarter_end}')
print (f'上季季初日期  = {last_quarter_start}')
print (f'上季季末日期  = {last_quarter_end}')
print (f'下季季初日期  = {next_quarter_start}')
print (f'下季季末日期  = {next_quarter_end}')
print (f'------------------------------')
print (f'本年度第一天日期  = {this_year_start}')
print (f'本年最后一天日期  = {this_year_end}')
print (f'去年度第一天日期  = {last_year_start}')
print (f'去年最后一天日期  = {last_year_end}')
print (f'明年度第一天日期  = {next_year_start}')
print (f'明年最后一天日期  = {next_year_end}')

# 返回值
今天日期    = 2022-03-25
今日周几    = 4
本周一日期  = 2022-03-21
本周日日期  = 2022-03-27
上周一日期  = 2022-03-14
上周日日期  = 2022-03-20
下周一日期  = 2022-03-28
下周日日期  = 2022-04-03
-----------------------------
本月月初日期  = 2022-03-01 00:00:00
本月月末日期  = 2022-03-31 00:00:00
上月月初日期  = 2022-02-01 00:00:00
上月月末日期  = 2022-02-28 00:00:00
下月月初日期  = 2022-04-01 00:00:00
下月月末日期  = 2022-04-30 00:00:00
------------------------------
本季季初日期  = 2022-01-01 00:00:00
本季季末日期  = 2022-03-31 00:00:00
上季季初日期  = 2021-10-01 00:00:00
上季季末日期  = 2021-12-31 00:00:00
下季季初日期  = 2022-04-01 00:00:00
下季季末日期  = 2022-06-30 00:00:00
------------------------------
本年度第一天日期  = 2022-01-01 00:00:00
本年最后一天日期  = 2022-12-31 00:00:00
去年度第一天日期  = 2021-01-01 00:00:00
去年最后一天日期  = 2021-12-31 00:00:00
明年度第一天日期  = 2023-01-01 00:00:00
明年最后一天日期  = 2023-12-31 00:00:00

6、时间计算

"""
datetime.timedelta 
用法： datetime.timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)
这里没有月份的加减操作
"""

now = datetime.datetime.now()
# 星期加减
week_add_dt = now + datetime.timedelta(weeks=1)
week_diff_dt = now + datetime.timedelta(weeks=-1)
# 日期加减
day_add_dt = now + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
day_diff_dt = now + datetime.timedelta(days=-1)
# 小时加减
hour_add_dt = now + datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
hour_diff_dt = now + datetime.timedelta(hours=-1)
# 分钟加监
min_add_dt = now + datetime.timedelta(minutes=1)
min_diff_dt = now + datetime.timedelta(minutes=-1)

# 两个时间相减
datetime1 = now + datetime.timedelta(hours=-24)
datetime2 = now

# 两个时间相差几天，几秒，几小时。
dt_days = (datetime2-datetime1).days
dt_seconds = (datetime2-datetime1).seconds
dt_seconds2 = (datetime2-datetime1).total_seconds()

"""注意：
.days 是以年月日为单位计算的，没有涉及到时分秒的计算。直接按照日期相差的天数计算。
.seconds 只会计算小时分钟秒 部分之间的差值。如果超过24小时或者前后时间跨天,计算结果就会和预期结果不一致。比如这里相差24小时,秒差值为0。
.total_seconds() 才是计算两个时间戳之间的实际相差秒值。比如这里的秒差值86400秒。
"""

print (f'当前时间         = {now}')
print (f'当前时间加一周   = {week_add_dt}')
print (f'当前时间减一周   = {week_diff_dt}')
print (f'当前时间加一天   = {day_add_dt}')
print (f'当前时间减一天   = {day_diff_dt}')
print (f'当前时间加一小时  = {hour_add_dt}')
print (f'当前时间减一小时  = {hour_diff_dt}')
print (f'当前时间加一分钟  = {min_add_dt}')
print (f'当前时间减一分钟  = {min_diff_dt}')
print (f'------------------------------')
print (f'两个时间相差天数  = {dt_days}')
print (f'两个时间相差秒数  = {dt_seconds}')
print (f'两个时间相差秒数2 = {dt_seconds2}')

# 返回
当前时间         = 2022-03-25 14:47:22.495714
当前时间加一周   = 2022-04-01 14:47:22.495714
当前时间减一周   = 2022-03-18 14:47:22.495714
当前时间加一天   = 2022-03-26 14:47:22.495714
当前时间减一天   = 2022-03-24 14:47:22.495714
当前时间加一小时  = 2022-03-25 15:47:22.495714
当前时间减一小时  = 2022-03-25 13:47:22.495714
当前时间加一分钟  = 2022-03-25 14:48:22.495714
当前时间减一分钟  = 2022-03-25 14:46:22.495714
------------------------------
两个时间相差天数  = 1
两个时间相差秒数  = 0
两个时间相差秒数2 = 86400.0



# 由于datetime.timedelta没有月份的加减操作,需要自己定义一个函数来计算
from datetime import date,timedelta

def add_month(d,md):
    """
    :param d: 开始日期
    :param md: 增加的月份数
    :return: 增加月份后的日期
    """
    yd = md // 12
    m = d.month + md % 12
    if m != 12:
        yd += m // 12
        m = m % 12
    return date(d.year + yd,m,d.day)