NOIP 模拟 玩积木 - 迭代加深搜索 / bfs+hash+玄学剪枝

题目大意：

有一堆积木，0号节点每次可以和其上方，下方，左上，右下的其中一个交换，问至少需要多少次达到目标状态，若步数超过20，输出too difficult

目标状态：
0
1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5

题目分析：

因为前段时间做了一道转花盆刻骨铭心，所以一看到这题就开始bfs+hash，明知道过不了，但谁知道姿势正确得了85分，后来出题人告诉数据最大步数才14，我把搜索停止条件改成了18，瞬间ac。。。
正解有很多种：迭代加深，双向搜索，\(A^{*}\)……
考后写了一下迭代加深，不是一般的快，具体讲解请百度骑士.

code

bfs + hash + 玄学剪枝

#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<cstring>
#include<string>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<map>
#include<queue>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
namespace IO{
    inline int read(){
        int i = 0, f = 1; char ch = getchar();
        for(; (ch < '0' || ch > '9') && ch != '-'; ch = getchar());
        if(ch == '-') f = -1, ch = getchar();
        for(; ch >= '0' && ch <= '9'; ch = getchar()) i = (i << 3) + (i << 1) + (ch - '0');
        return i * f;
    }
    inline void wr(ll x){
        if(x < 0) putchar('-'), x = -x;
        if(x > 9) wr(x / 10);
        putchar(x % 10 + '0');
    }
}using namespace IO;

const int N = 10, M = 30;
int T, bin[N], ans;
char initMap[M];
struct node{char s[M]; int cnt;};
queue<node> que; bool flag;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
ull desVal;
const int Mod = 233333, H = 31;
vector<ull> G[Mod + 5];
vector<int> used;

inline bool insert(ull x){
    int key = x % Mod;
    for(int i = 0; i < G[key].size(); i++)
        if(G[key][i] == x) return false;
    G[key].push_back(x); used.push_back(key); return true;
}

inline ull toHash(char s[M]){
    ull ret = 0;
    for(int i = 1; i <= 21; i++) ret = ret * H + s[i] - '0';
    return ret;
}

inline void init(){
    bin[0] = 0;for(int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) bin[i] = bin[i - 1] + i;
    for(int i = 1; i <= 6; i++)
        for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
            desVal = desVal * H + i - 1;
}

inline pair<int, int> get0Pos(char s[M]){
    pair<int, int> ret;
    for(int i = 1; i <= 6; i++)
        for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
            if(s[bin[i - 1] + j] == '0') {ret.first = i, ret.second = j; return ret;}
}

inline void add(char s[M], int cnt){
    node tmp; 
    for(int i = 1; i <= 21; i++) tmp.s[i] = s[i];
    tmp.cnt = cnt;
    que.push(tmp);
}

int main(){
    T = read(); init();
    while(T--){
        for(int i = 0; i < used.size(); i++) G[used[i]].clear();
        flag = false; ans = 0;
        for(int i = 1; i <= 6; i++)
            for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++) initMap[bin[i - 1] + j] = read() + '0';
        ull hashVal = toHash(initMap);
        if(hashVal == desVal){
            wr(0); putchar('\n');
            continue;
        }
        insert(hashVal);
        while(!que.empty()) que.pop();
        add(initMap, 0);
        while(!que.empty()){
            char now[M]; 
            node tmp = que.front();
            int cnt = tmp.cnt;
            for(int i = 1; i <= 21; i++) now[i] = tmp.s[i];
            pair<int, int> pos = get0Pos(now);
            //leftup
            if(pos.second != 1){
                swap(now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second], now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second - (bin[pos.first] - bin[pos.first - 1])]);
                ull hashVal = toHash(now); 
                if(hashVal == desVal){flag = true, ans = cnt + 1; break;}
                else if(cnt + 1 == 18) break;
                if(insert(hashVal)) add(now, cnt + 1);
                swap(now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second], now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second - (bin[pos.first] - bin[pos.first - 1])]);
            }
            //up
            if(pos.second != bin[pos.first] - bin[pos.first - 1]){
                swap(now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second], now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second - (bin[pos.first] - bin[pos.first - 1]) + 1]);
                ull hashVal = toHash(now);
                if(hashVal == desVal){flag = true, ans = cnt + 1; break;}
                else if(cnt + 1 == 18) break;
                if(insert(hashVal)) add(now, cnt + 1);
                swap(now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second], now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second - (bin[pos.first] - bin[pos.first - 1]) + 1]);
            }
            //down
            if(pos.first != 6){
                swap(now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second], now[bin[pos.first] + pos.second]);
                ull hashVal = toHash(now);
                if(hashVal == desVal){flag = true, ans = cnt + 1; break;}
                else if(cnt + 1 == 18) break;
                if(insert(hashVal)) add(now, cnt + 1);
                swap(now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second], now[bin[pos.first] + pos.second]);
            }
            //rightdown
            if(pos.first != 6){
                swap(now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second], now[bin[pos.first] + pos.second + 1]);
                ull hashVal = toHash(now);
                if(hashVal == desVal){flag = true, ans = cnt + 1; break;}
                else if(cnt + 1 == 18) break;
                if(insert(hashVal)) add(now, cnt + 1);
                swap(now[bin[pos.first - 1] + pos.second], now[bin[pos.first] + pos.second + 1]);
            }
            que.pop();
        }
        if(flag) wr(ans), putchar('\n');
        else printf("too difficult\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

迭代加深

#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<cstring>
#include<string>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<map>
#include<queue>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
namespace IO{
    inline int read(){
        int i = 0, f = 1; char ch = getchar();
        for(; (ch < '0' || ch > '9') && ch != '-'; ch = getchar());
        if(ch == '-') f = -1, ch = getchar();
        for(; ch >= '0' && ch <= '9'; ch = getchar()) i = (i << 3) + (i << 1) + (ch - '0');
        return i * f;
    }
    inline void wr(ll x){
        if(x < 0) putchar('-'), x = -x;
        if(x > 9) wr(x / 10);
        putchar(x % 10 + '0');
    }
}using namespace IO;

const int N = 10, M = 30;
int T, ans;
int initMap[N][N];
bool flag;
typedef pair<int, int> P;
P pos;
const int des[N][N] = {{0}, {0, 0},{0,1,1},{0,2,2,2},{0,3,3,3,3},{0,4,4,4,4,4},{0,5,5,5,5,5,5}};

inline int H(){
    int ret = -1;
    for(int i = 1; i <= 6; i++)
        for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++) if(initMap[i][j] ^ des[i][j]) ret++;
    return ret;
}

inline bool dfs(int now, int dep, int x, int y){
    if(now > dep){
        if(H() == -1) return true;
        else return false;
    }
    if(H() + now - 1 > dep) return false;
    //leftUp
    if(y != 1){
        swap(initMap[x][y], initMap[x - 1][y - 1]); 
        if(dfs(now + 1, dep, x - 1, y - 1)) return true;
        swap(initMap[x][y], initMap[x - 1][y - 1]);
    }
    //up
    if(y != x){
        swap(initMap[x][y], initMap[x - 1][y]);
        if(dfs(now + 1, dep, x - 1, y)) return true;
        swap(initMap[x][y], initMap[x - 1][y]);
    }
    //down
    if(x != 6){
        swap(initMap[x][y], initMap[x + 1][y]);
        if(dfs(now + 1, dep, x + 1, y)) return true;
        swap(initMap[x][y], initMap[x + 1][y]);
    }
    //rightdown
    int tmp = 0;
    for(int i = 1; i < x; i++) tmp += i;
    if(x != 6){
        swap(initMap[x][y], initMap[x + 1][y + 1]);
        if(dfs(now + 1, dep, x + 1, y + 1)) return true;
        swap(initMap[x][y], initMap[x + 1][y + 1]);
    }
    return false;
}

int main(){
    T = read();
    while(T--){
        ans = 0, flag = false;
        for(int i = 1; i <= 6; i++)
            for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
                scanf("%d", &initMap[i][j]);
                if(!initMap[i][j]) pos = P(i, j);
            }
        // cout<<pos.first<<" "<<pos.second<<endl;
        for(int i = 0; i <= 20; i++)
            if(dfs(1, i, pos.first, pos.second)){flag = true, ans = i;break;}
        if(flag) wr(ans), putchar('\n');
        else printf("too difficult\n");
    }
    return 0;
}