nginx + uWSGI 为 django 提供高并发
django 的并发能力真的是令人担忧，这里就使用 nginx + uwsgi 提供高并发
nginx 的并发能力超高，单台并发能力过万（这个也不是绝对），在纯静态的 web 服务中更是突出其优越的地方，由于其底层使用 epoll 异步IO模型进行处理，使其深受欢迎
做过运维的应该都知道，php 需要使用 nginx + fastcgi 提供高并发，java 需要使用 nginx + tomcat 提供 web 服务
下面介绍如何使用 nginx + uwsgi 为 django 提供高并发 web 服务
1、系统环境
[root@crazy-acong ~]# uname -a Linux crazy-acong 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Oct 15 04:27:16 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux [root@crazy-acong ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS release 6.6 (Final)
2、python 及 django 版本
[root@crazy-acong ~]# python3 --version Python 3.4.4 [root@crazy-acong ~]# django-admin --version 1.10.6
3、安装 uwsgi 及 测试 uwsgi
3.1 安装
[root@crazy-acong ~]# pip3 install uwsgi
3.2 测试 uwsgi 提供 web 服务的功能
# 创建 test.py 文件 def application(env, start_response): start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')]) return [b"Hello World"] # python3 #return ["Hello World"] # python2 # 启动 uwsgi 服务 [root@crazy-acong ~]# uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py # 查看启动进程 [root@crazy-acong ~]# netstat -lnpt | grep uwsgi tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:26685 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 22120/uwsgi tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:8000 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 22120/uwsgi # 在浏览器中访问 http://ip:8000 就可以看到 Hello World 字样了
3.3 将启动参数写入到配置文件中，然后进行启动 django 程序
3.3.1 创建 uwsgi 配置文件
[root@crazy-acong ~]# cd /data/django_test # 进入到 django 的主目录 [root@crazy-acong django_test]# cat test-uwsgi.ini [uwsgi] # 对外提供 http 服务的端口 http = :9000 #the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx 用于和 nginx 进行数据交互的端口 socket = 127.0.0.1:8001 # the base directory (full path) django 程序的主目录 chdir = /data/django_test # Django's wsgi file wsgi-file = django_test/wsgi.py # maximum number of worker processes processes = 4 #thread numbers startched in each worker process threads = 2 #monitor uwsgi status 通过该端口可以监控 uwsgi 的负载情况 stats = 127.0.0.1:9191 # clear environment on exit vacuum = true # 后台运行,并输出日志 daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi.log
3.3.2 通过 uwsgi 配置文件启动 django 程序
# 通过配置文件启动 django 程序 [root@crazy-acong django_test]# /usr/local/bin/uwsgi test-uwsgi.ini # 在浏览器中 通过访问 http://ip:9000 可以看到发布的 django 程序
4、安装 nginx
nginx 安装参考 http://www.cnblogs.com/CongZhang/p/6548570.html
5、配置 nginx 的配置文件
在 django 的主目录下创建下面的 nginx 配置文件，然后做软连接到 nginx 的配置文件目录，或者直接在 nginx 配置文件目录中添加该文件也可以
5.1 创建 nginx 配置文件
[root@crazy-acong django_test]# cat /data/django_test/django-nginx.conf # the upstream component nginx needs to connect to upstream django { # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first) } # configuration of the server server { # the port your site will be served on listen 8000; # the domain name it will serve for server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN charset utf-8; # max upload size client_max_body_size 75M; # adjust to taste # Django media location /media { alias /path/to/your/mysite/media; # your Django project's media files - amend as required } location /static { alias /data/django_test/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required } # Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server. location / { uwsgi_pass django; include /data/django_test/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed } }
5.2 重启nginx 服务
[root@crazy-acong django_test]# nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /data/application/nginx-1.10.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /data/application/nginx-1.10.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful [root@crazy-acong django_test]# nginx -s reload [root@crazy-acong django_test]# netstat -lnpt | grep 8000 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:8000 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 43492/nginx
这个时候就可以通过 http://ip:8000 访问 django 程序了，不过目前还存在一个问题，访问 http://ip:8000/admin 发现静态文件貌似没读取到，需要通过下面的方法解决静态文件的问题
6、解决 django 多 app 静态文件的问题
# 在 django 程序的 settings.py 文件中添加以下内容 STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static_all") # 然后通过执行该命令，将静态文件整合到一个目录中 [root@crazy-acong django_test]# python3 manage.py collectstatic [root@crazy-acong django_test]# ll total 40 drwxr-xr-x 3 nginx games 4096 Mar 14 14:42 app01 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3072 Mar 14 14:51 db.sqlite3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1026 Mar 14 15:18 django-nginx.conf drwxr-xr-x 3 nginx games 4096 Mar 14 15:45 django_test -rwxr-xr-x 1 nginx games 809 Mar 14 14:37 manage.py drwxr-xr-x 2 nginx games 4096 Mar 14 14:42 static drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Mar 14 15:47 static_all # 此时会发现多了一个该目录，所有 app 的静态文件都整合到这一个目录中了 drwxr-xr-x 2 nginx games 4096 Mar 14 14:40 templates -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 565 Mar 14 15:40 test-uwsgi.ini -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 Mar 14 15:28 uwsgi_params
然后需要修改 nginx 配置文件中 指向 django 静态目录的配置文件
[root@crazy-acong django_test]# cat /data/django_test/django-nginx.conf # the upstream component nginx needs to connect to upstream django { # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first) } # configuration of the server server { # the port your site will be served on listen 8000; # the domain name it will serve for server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN charset utf-8; # max upload size client_max_body_size 75M; # adjust to taste # Django media location /media { alias /path/to/your/mysite/media; # your Django project's media files - amend as required } location /static {
# 需要修改的地方在这里 alias /data/django_test/static_all; # your Django project's static files - amend as required } # Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server. location / { uwsgi_pass django; include /data/django_test/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed } }
最后重启 nginx 服务即可
[root@crazy-acong django_test]# nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /data/application/nginx-1.10.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /data/application/nginx-1.10.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful [root@crazy-acong django_test]# nginx -s reload
