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OpenMP for Fortran

OpenMP Directive

Syntax of OpenMP compiler directive for Fortran:

 !$OMP  DirectiveName Optional_CLAUSES...
   ...
   ... Program statements between the !$OMP lines
   ... are executed in parallel by all threads      
   ...
 !$OMP  END DirectiveName

Program statements between the 2 red lines are executed by multiple threads
Setting the level of parallellism in OpenMP programs
The number of threads that will be created to execute parallel sections in an OpenMP program is controlled by the environment variable OMP_NUM_THREADS

To set this environment variable use:

  export OMP_NUM_THREADS=...            

Example:

  export OMP_NUM_THREADS=8

Compiling OpenMP programs

Fortran

Compile:

  f90 -O -c -xopenmp -stackvar Prog.f90

Link:

  f90 -O -o Executable \
     -xopenmp -stackvar \
     Prog1.o Prog2.o ....

Introductory Example
- Parallel "Hello World" OpenMP program:
  PROGRAM Main !$OMP PARALLEL print *, "Hello World !" !$OMP END PARALLEL END
- Example Program: (Demo above code)
  - Prog file (OpenMP Hello World): click here
- Compile with:
  f90 -O
  
  -xopenmp -stackvar
  openMP01.f90
- Run with:
  export OMP_NUM_THREADS=8
  
  a.out
  Make sure you do it on compute.
  
  You will see "Hello World !!!" printed EIGHT times !!! (Remove the #pragma line and you get ONE line)....
Defining shared and private (non-shared) variables in parallel section
Recall:
There is no scopes in Fortran
Fortran uses option keywords to define private (non-shared) (and shared) variables....
Defining shared and private variables in a PARALLEL section
A variable is by default shared among all threads

A private variable in a PARALLE section must be specified using the option PRIVATE

Fortran example of SHARED variable:

   PROGRAM  Main
   IMPLICIT NONE

   integer :: N         ! Shared

   N = 1001
   print *, "Before parallel section: N = ", N            

   !$OMP PARALLEL
   N = N + 1
   print *, "Inside parallel section: N = ", N
   !$OMP END PARALLEL

   print *, "After parallel section: N = ", N
   END

Example Program: (Demo above code)
- Prog file: (Shared variable in OpenMP) --- click here
Compile with:
f90 -O

-xopenmp -stackvar
openMP02a.f90
Run a few times with:
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=8

a.out
You should see the value for N at the end is not always 1009, it could be less. This is evidence of asynchronous update.

Fortran example of NON-SHARED (private) variable:

   PROGRAM  Main
   IMPLICIT NONE

   integer :: N         ! Shared

   N = 1001
   print *, "Before parallel section: N = ", N

   !$OMP PARALLEL PRIVATE(N)
   N = N + 1
   print *, "Inside parallel section: N = ", N
   !$OMP END PARALLEL

   print *, "After parallel section: N = ", N
   END

Example Program: (Demo above code)
- Prog file: (Private variable in OpenMP) --- click here
Compile with:
f90 -O

-xopenmp -stackvar
openMP02b.f90
Run a few times with:
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=8

a.out

Output:

    Before parallel section: N =  1001            
    Inside parallel section: N =  1
    Inside parallel section: N =  1
    Inside parallel section: N =  1
    Inside parallel section: N =  1
    Inside parallel section: N =  1
    Inside parallel section: N =  1
    Inside parallel section: N =  1
    Inside parallel section: N =  1
    After parallel section: N =  1001

Each thread has its own variable N

This variable N is different from the "program" variable defined in the main program !!!

OpenMP Support function

Most useful support functions in OpenMP:

Function Name	Effect
omp_set_num_threads(int nthread)	Set size of thread team
INTEGER omp_get_num_threads()	return size of thread team
INTEGER omp_get_max_threads()	return max size of thread team (typically equal to the number of processors
INTEGER omp_get_thread_num()	return thread ID of the thread that calls this function
INTEGER omp_get_num_procs()	return number of processors
LOGICAL omp_in_parallel()	return TRUE if currently in a PARALLEL segment

Here is a simple OMP program in Fortran:

   PROGRAM  Main
   IMPLICIT NONE

   INTEGER :: nthreads, myid
   INTEGER, EXTERNAL :: OMP_GET_THREAD_NUM, OMP_GET_NUM_THREADS


   !$OMP PARALLEL private(nthreads, myid)


   myid = OMP_GET_THREAD_NUM()

   print *, "Hello I am thread ", myid

   if (myid == 0) then
      nthreads = OMP_GET_NUM_THREADS()
      print *, "Number of threads = ", nthreads
   end if

   !$OMP END PARALLEL

   END

Example Program: (OpenMP Fortran program) --- click here
Compile using the following command:
f90 -O

-xopenmp -stackvar
hello.f90
Run with:
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=8

a.out

Output:

  Hello I am thread  7
  Hello I am thread  5
  Hello I am thread  1
  Hello I am thread  0
  Hello I am thread  2
  Number of threads =  8
  Hello I am thread  4
  Hello I am thread  3
  Hello I am thread  6

Caveat with Fortran
- Recall:
  Array indices in Fortran by default start with 1 (ONE)
- Observed from "Hello" program:
  Thread IDs start with 0 (ZERO)
- Caveat:
  Use ThreadID+1 as index to an array in Fortran !!!

Example OpenMP Program: Find minimum in an array

A sequential program in C++ can be found here: ( click here )
We will write this program using OpenMP in Fortran

Parallel Find Min program in Fortran:

  PROGRAM Min
   IMPLICIT NONE

   INTEGER, PARAMETER :: MAX = 10000000

   DOUBLE PRECISION, DIMENSION(MAX) :: x
   DOUBLE PRECISION, DIMENSION(10)  :: my_min
   DOUBLE PRECISION :: rmin

   INTEGER :: num_threads
   INTEGER :: i, n
   INTEGER :: id, start, stop

   ! ===========================================================
   ! Declare the OpenMP functions
   ! ===========================================================     
   INTEGER, EXTERNAL :: OMP_GET_THREAD_NUM, OMP_GET_NUM_THREADS


  ! ===================================
  ! Parallel section: Find local minima
  ! ===================================
!$OMP  PARALLEL  PRIVATE(i, id, start, stop, num_threads, n)

   num_threads = omp_get_num_threads()
   n = MAX/num_threads

   id = omp_get_thread_num()

   ! ----------------------------------
   ! Find my own starting index
   ! ----------------------------------
   start = id * n + 1          !! Array start at 1

   ! ----------------------------------
   ! Find my own stopping index
   ! ----------------------------------
   if ( id <> (num_threads-1) ) then
      stop = start + n
   else
      stop = MAX
   end if

   ! ----------------------------------
   ! Find my own min
   ! ----------------------------------
   my_min(id+1) = x(start)

   DO i = start+1, stop
      IF ( x(i) < my_min(id+1) ) THEN
         my_min(id+1) = x(i)
      END IF
   END DO

!$OMP END PARALLEL


  ! ===================================
  ! Find min over the local minima
  ! ===================================
   rmin = my_min(1)

   DO i = 2, num_threads
      IF ( rmin < my_min(i) ) THEN
         rmin = my_min(i)
      END IF
   END DO

   print *, "min = ", rmin
   END PROGRAM

Example Program: (Demo above code)
- Prog file: click here
f90 -O

-xopenmp -stackvar
min-mt1.f90
Run with:
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=8

a.out

Mutual exclusion synchronization Primitives

This mutual exclusion effect in Fortran is achieved in OpenMP using the following pragma:


   !$OMP CRITICAL

       ... statements are guaranteed to be executed
       ,,, by ONE thread at any one time


   !$OMP END CRITICAL

Example OpenMP program with synchronization: compute Pi

Example:

  PROGRAM Compute_PI
   IMPLICIT NONE


   INTEGER, EXTERNAL :: OMP_GET_THREAD_NUM, OMP_GET_NUM_THREADS     

   INTEGER           N, i
   INTEGER           id, num_threads
   DOUBLE PRECISION  w, x, sum
   DOUBLE PRECISION  pi, mypi


   N = 50000000         !! Number of intervals
   w = 1.0d0/N          !! width of each interval

   sum = 0.0d0

!$OMP    PARALLEL PRIVATE(i, id, num_threads, x, mypi)

   num_threads = omp_get_num_threads()
   id = omp_get_thread_num()

   mypi = 0.0d0;

   DO i = id,   N-1,   num_threads
     x = w * (i + 0.5d0)
     mypi = mypi + w*f(x)
   END DO


!$OMP CRITICAL
   pi = pi + mypi
!$OMP END CRITICAL


!$OMP    END PARALLEL

   PRINT *, "Pi = ", pi

   END PROGRAM

Example Program: (OpenMP compute Pi) --- click here
Compile with:
f90 -O

-xopenmp -stackvar
openMP_compute_pi2.f90
Run a few times with:
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=8

a.out
Parallel For Loop in OpenMP
The division of labor (splitting the work of a for-loop) of a for-loop can be done in OpenMP through a special Parallel LOOP construct.
A Parallel Loop construct MUST appear within a Parallel region of the program !

The syntax of a Parallel LOOP construct in Fortran is:


   !$OMP    DO

      DO  index = ....
          ....            ! Division of labor is taken care of       
			  ! by the Fortran compiler
      END DO

   !$OMP    END DO

The meaning of this Parallel LOOP construct is to distribute the iterations in the for-loop (or do-loop) among the threads.
Each iteration of the for-loop is executed exactly once by each thread.

The loop variable used in the Parallel LOOP construct is by default PRIVATE (other variables are still by default SHARED)

Example: compute Pi with parallel DO loop

  PROGRAM Compute_PI
   IMPLICIT NONE

   INTEGER           N, i, num_threads
   DOUBLE PRECISION  w, x, sum
   DOUBLE PRECISION  pi, mypi


   N = 50000000         !! Number of intervals
   w = 1.0d0/N          !! width of each interval

   sum = 0.0d0

!$OMP    PARALLEL PRIVATE(x, mypi)

   mypi = 0.0d0;

!$OMP    DO
   DO i = 0, N-1                !! Parallel Loop
     x = w * (i + 0.5d0)
     mypi = mypi + w*f(x)
   END DO
!$OMP    END DO


!$OMP CRITICAL
   pi = pi + mypi
!$OMP END CRITICAL


!$OMP    END PARALLEL

   PRINT *, "Pi = ", pi

   END PROGRAM

Example Program: (OpenMP compute Pi) --- click here
Compile with:
f90 -O

-xopenmp -stackvar
openMP_compute_pi3.f90
Run with:
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=8

a.out
Final Notes
The stack size of each thread can be controlled by setting another environment variable:
setenv STACKSIZE nBytes
For more information on OpenMP, see: http://www.openmp.org

posted on 2014-01-01 12:47 向北方阅读(5610) 评论(0) 编辑收藏举报

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