gcc中预定义的宏__GNUC__
今天在看Linux系统编程这本书的代码的时候看到了__GNUC__,不太清楚这个宏所以去查了一下,以此记录。GNU C预定义了一系列的宏,这些宏都是以双下划线开始的,这里只讲一下__GNUC__ __GNUC_MINOR__ __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__,其他GNU C的预定义宏可以到这里查看:
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-5.1.0/cpp/Common-Predefined-Macros.html#Common-Predefined-Macros
__GNUC__ 、__GNUC_MINOR__ 、__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__分别代表gcc的主版本号,次版本号,修正版本号。这里引用一下上面的官方说明:
__GNUC__
__GNUC_MINOR__
__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__
These macros are defined by all GNU compilers that use the C preprocessor: C, C++, Objective-C and Fortran. Their values are the major version, minor version, and patch level of the compiler, as integer constants. For example, GCC 3.2.1 will define __GNUC__
to 3, __GNUC_MINOR__
to 2, and __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__
to 1. These macros are also defined if you invoke the preprocessor directly.
__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__
is new to GCC 3.0; it is also present in the widely-used development snapshots leading up to 3.0 (which identify themselves as GCC 2.96 or 2.97, depending on which snapshot you have).
If all you need to know is whether or not your program is being compiled by GCC, or a non-GCC compiler that claims to accept the GNU C dialects, you can simply test __GNUC__
. If you need to write code which depends on a specific version, you must be more careful. Each time the minor version is increased, the patch level is reset to zero; each time the major version is increased (which happens rarely), the minor version and patch level are reset. If you wish to use the predefined macros directly in the conditional, you will need to write it like this:
/* Test for GCC > 3.2.0 */
#if __GNUC__ > 3 || \
(__GNUC__ == 3 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 2 || \
(__GNUC_MINOR__ == 2 && \
__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ > 0))
Another approach is to use the predefined macros to calculate a single number, then compare that against a threshold:
#define GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
+ __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
+ __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
...
/* Test for GCC > 3.2.0 */
#if GCC_VERSION > 30200
Many people find this form easier to understand.
上面这一大段英语实际是在讲:
注意,__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__
是从gcc 3.0以后才有的,在这之前的gcc是没有预定义这个宏的。我们可以用gcc --version来查看自己系统中的gcc版本,现在的gcc版本普遍都是3.0以后了吧,就我的系统而言,是4.9.2,那么对应的__GNUC__就是4,__GNUC_MINOR__就是9,__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__就是2。这几个宏的类型都是int,被扩展后,会得到整数的字面值。由于是宏,因此我们可以通过只预处理源程序来观察他们的文本值。比如,只对下面这段代码进行预处理,预处理(gcc -E)以后是对宏进行直接的替换,所以我们就能看到这三个宏的文本值:
#include <stdio.h> int main() { #ifdef __GNUC__ printf("__GNUC__ = %d\n",__GNUC__); #endif #ifdef __GNUC_MINOR__ printf("__GNUC_MINOR__ = %d\n",__GNUC_MINOR__); #endif #ifdef __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ printf("__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ = %d\n",__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__); #endif return 0; }
预编译以后的文件函数部分:
# 942 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 # 2 "test.c" 2 int main() { printf("__GNUC__ = %d\n",4); printf("__GNUC_MINOR__ = %d\n",9); printf("__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ = %d\n",2); return 0; }
这样就很直观地看到,__GNUC__被替换成了4,__GNUC_MINOR__被替换成了9,__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__替换成了2。
为什么要预定义了这三个宏呢?这是为了方便我们在针对特定版本的gcc编译器进行代码编写的,比如我们的代码要求gcc的版本至少在3.2.0以上,我们就可以写成如下方式的条件编译:
/* Test for GCC > 3.2.0 */ #if __GNUC__ > 3 || \ (__GNUC__ == 3 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 2 || \ (__GNUC_MINOR__ == 2 && \ __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ > 0))) printf("gcc > 3.2.0\n");
//... #endif
注意上面把条件编译#if的条件写成了多行的时候(和宏定义一样,如果宏定义一行写不完,要在最后加一个行继续符'\'),每行最后的行继续符'\'后面不能跟任何符号,空格、制表符等都不行,他表示下一行的也是并列条件(通常为||或&&的右操作数),通常在编译以前会把行继续符'\'以及前面的换行符都去掉,这样就可以看作是同一行的了。
当然有的人觉得上面的条件那么大一串看起来非常不顺眼,理解起来也不容易,这时候我们可以自己定义一个宏GCC_VERSION用来表示gcc版本,原理也很简单就是把主版本号*10000+次版本号*100+修订版本号,最终用这个值来判断gcc的版本号:
#include <stdio.h> #define GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 10000 \ + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \ + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__) int main() { /* Test for GCC > 3.2.0 */ #if GCC_VERSION > 30200 printf("gcc > 3.2.0\n"); //... #endif return 0; }
好啦,对__GNUC__这个预定义的宏变量算是有了一个基本的了解,作用是用来针对特定版本的gcc进行编写代码,至于其他预定义的宏呢可以去本文刚开始的时候给出的网站上查看,他们各自的作用也都写的非常清楚。