Python 的特殊文件操作
Python 的特殊文件操作
ini文件是Initialization File的缩写，平时用于存储软件的的配置文件。例如：MySQL数据库的配置文件。
1.ini 文件
#代表注释，[]代表节点，下面的的所有代表键值。
[mysqld] # 节点
# 键= 值
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-bin=py-mysql-bin
character-set-server=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links=0
[mysqld_safe] # 节点
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid
[client] # 节点
# 键=值
default-character-set=utf8
这种格式是可以直接使用open来出来，考虑到自己处理比较麻烦，所以 Python 为我们提供了更为方便的方式。
2.读取 ini 文件
实例化对象，读取文件。
# 以下用到的config对象均是此处实例化好的。
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser() # 实例化对象
config.read('my.ini',encoding="utf-8")
2.1 获取所有节点
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser() # 实例化对象
config.read('my.ini',encoding="utf-8")
# 1.获取所有节点
result = config.sections()
print(result)
>>> ['mysqld', 'mysqld_safe', 'client']
2.2 获取节点下的键值
# 2.获取节点下的键值
result = config.items("mysqld_safe")
print(result)
for key,value in result:
print(key,value)
2.3 获取某个节点的键值
# 3.获取某个键值
result = config.get("mysqld","collation-server")
print(result)
2.4 检查是否存在节点
# 4.检查是否存在键值
v1 = config.has_section("client") # 存在
v2 = config.has_section("clientnot") # 不存在
print(v1,v2)
>>> True False
2.5 创建节点添加或键值
# 5.添加一个节点
config.add_section("group")# 创建节点
config.set('group',"name","ziqingbaojian") # 给创建的节点添加值
config.set('client',"name","ziqingbaojian") # 给已有的节点添加值
# 此时添加好的节点数据仍然只在内存中,需要将数据写入到对应的文件中
config.write(open('new.ini',mode='w',encoding='utf-8'))
由图可得，两个节点的数据都插入成功，且保存到了新的文件中。
# 5.添加一个节点
config.add_section("group")
config.set('group',"name","ziqingbaojian")
config.set('client',"name","ziqingbaojian")
# config.write(open('new.ini',mode='w',encoding='utf-8'))
config.write(open('my.ini',mode='w',encoding='utf-8'))
保存到已有的文件中，直接进行覆盖重写。
2.6 删除节点或键值
# 6.删除节点
config.remove_section("group")
# 删除节点中的值
config.remove_option("client",'name')
# 数据写入内存
config.write(open('new.ini',mode='w',encoding='utf-8'))
3.文件树（tree 命令）
说明：本部分不属于 Python 的内容，属于 windows 中的知识点。进行简单的介绍，使用可能较多通常用在写文档中。
tree /f > xxx.txt 生成包含所有文件的文件树
tree > xxx.txt 只包含文件夹,没有文件
例如：下图为一个flask的项目获取它的文件树只需在终端执行相关的文件即可
tree /f > filepath.txt
E:.
│ filepath.txt
│ manage.py
│
├─.idea
│ │ .gitignore
│ │ flaskBlue.iml
│ │ misc.xml
│ │ modules.xml
│ │ workspace.xml
│ │
│ └─inspectionProfiles
│ profiles_settings.xml
│ Project_Default.xml
│
├─apps
│ │ __init__.py
│ │
│ ├─account
│ │ │ __init__.py
│ │ │
│ │ ├─static
│ │ ├─templates
│ │ │ login.html
│ │ │
│ │ ├─views
│ │ │ │ forget.py
│ │ │ │ user.py
│ │ │ │ __init__.py
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ └─__pycache__
│ │ │ forget.cpython-38.pyc
│ │ │ user.cpython-38.pyc
│ │ │ __init__.cpython-38.pyc
│ │ │
│ │ └─__pycache__
│ │ __init__.cpython-38.pyc
│ │
│ ├─admin
│ │ │ __init__.py
│ │ │
│ │ ├─static
│ │ ├─templates
│ │ ├─views
│ │ │ __init__.py
│ │ │
│ │ └─__pycache__
│ │ __init__.cpython-38.pyc
│ │
│ ├─templates
│ │ login.html
│ │
│ └─__pycache__
│ __init__.cpython-38.pyc
│
└─config
│ settings.py
│ __init__.py
│
└─__pycache__
settings.cpython-38.pyc
__init__.cpython-38.pyc
tree > file.txt # 本命令只显示文件夹
文件夹 PATH 列表
卷序列号为 53BF-F447
E:.
├─.idea
│ └─inspectionProfiles
├─apps
│ ├─account
│ │ ├─static
│ │ ├─templates
│ │ ├─views
│ │ │ └─__pycache__
│ │ └─__pycache__
│ ├─admin
│ │ ├─static
│ │ ├─templates
│ │ ├─views
│ │ └─__pycache__
│ ├─templates
│ └─__pycache__
└─config
└─__pycache__
4.xml格式文件
可扩展标记语言，是一种简单的数据存储语言，XML 被设计用来传输和存储数据。
- 存储，可用来存放配置文件，例如：java的配置文件。
- 传输，网络传输时以这种格式存在，例如：早期ajax传输的数据、soap协议等。
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
注意：在Python开发中用的相对来比较少，作为了解即可（微信支付、微信公众号消息处理 时会用到基于xml传输数据）。
例如：https://developers.weixin.qq.com/doc/offiaccount/Message_Management/Receiving_standard_messages.html
4.1 读取文件和内容
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# ET去打开xml文件
tree = ET.parse("files/xo.xml")
# 获取根标签
root = tree.getroot()
print(root) # <Element 'data' at 0x7f94e02763b0>
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
content = """
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
"""
root = ET.XML(content)
print(root) # <Element 'data' at 0x7fdaa019cea0>
4.2 读取节点数据
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
content = """
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein" id="999" >
<rank>2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank>69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
"""
# 获取根标签 data
root = ET.XML(content)
country_object = root.find("country")
print(country_object.tag, country_object.attrib)
gdppc_object = country_object.find("gdppc")
print(gdppc_object.tag,gdppc_object.attrib,gdppc_object.text)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
content = """
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank>2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank>69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
"""
# 获取根标签 data
root = ET.XML(content)
# 获取data标签的孩子标签
for child in root:
# child.tag = conntry
# child.attrib = {"name":"Liechtenstein"}
print(child.tag, child.attrib)
for node in child:
print(node.tag, node.attrib, node.text)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
content = """
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank>2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank>69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
"""
root = ET.XML(content)
for child in root.iter('year'):
print(child.tag, child.text)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
content = """
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank>2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank>69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
"""
root = ET.XML(content)
v1 = root.findall('country')
print(v1)
v2 = root.find('country').find('rank')
print(v2.text)
4.3 修改和删除节点
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
content = """
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank>2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank>69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
"""
root = ET.XML(content)
# 修改节点内容和属性
rank = root.find('country').find('rank')
print(rank.text)
rank.text = "999"
rank.set('update', '2020-11-11')
print(rank.text, rank.attrib)
############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("new.xml", encoding='utf-8')
# 删除节点
root.remove( root.find('country') )
print(root.findall('country'))
############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
4.4 构建文档
<home>
<son name="儿1">
<grandson name="儿11"></grandson>
<grandson name="儿12"></grandson>
</son>
<son name="儿2"></son>
</home>
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 创建根标签
root = ET.Element("home")
# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)
# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son2)
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml', encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)
<famliy>
<son name="儿1">
<grandson name="儿11"></grandson>
<grandson name="儿12"></grandson>
</son>
<son name="儿2"></son>
</famliy>
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")
# 创建大儿子
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})
# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)
# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son2)
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8')
<famliy>
<son name="儿1">
<age name="儿11">孙子</age>
</son>
<son name="儿2"></son>
</famliy>
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")
# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"})
# 在大儿子中创建一个孙子
grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'})
grandson1.text = '孙子'
et = ET.ElementTree(root) #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8")
<user><![CDATA[你好呀]]</user>
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("user")
root.text = "<![CDATA[你好呀]]"
et = ET.ElementTree(root) # 生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8")
案例：
content = """<xml>
<ToUserName><![CDATA[gh_7f083739789a]]></ToUserName>
<FromUserName><![CDATA[oia2TjuEGTNoeX76QEjQNrcURxG8]]></FromUserName>
<CreateTime>1395658920</CreateTime>
<MsgType><![CDATA[event]]></MsgType>
<Event><![CDATA[TEMPLATESENDJOBFINISH]]></Event>
<MsgID>200163836</MsgID>
<Status><![CDATA[success]]></Status>
</xml>"""
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
info = {}
root = ET.XML(content)
for node in root:
# print(node.tag,node.text)
info[node.tag] = node.text
print(info)
继续努力，终成大器。
