1.DRF初始化
1.1 安装DjangoRestRramework
pip install djangorestframework==3.11.1
pip install django-filter==2.3.0 # 过滤器
pip install markdown # Markdown support for the browsable API
1.2 在syl/setthings.py中注册
INSTALLEN_APPS = [
'django_filters',
'rest_framework',
]
# 配置文件
# 过滤器
# 1,安装 django-filter
# 2,注册应用
# 3,配置settings, 在view里配置可过滤的字段
# 4,使用 查询字符串携带过滤信息
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
# 文档报错: AttributeError: ‘AutoSchema’ object has no attribute ‘get_link’
# 用下面的设置可以解决
'DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.schemas.AutoSchema',
# 默认设置是:
# 'DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.schemas.openapi.AutoSchema',
# 异常处理器
# 'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'user.utils.exception_handler',
# Base API policies
'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',
'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',
],
'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',
'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',
'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
],
# 1.认证器(全局)
'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication', # 使用session时的认证器
'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication' # 提交表单时的认证器
],
#2.权限配置(全局): 顺序靠上的严格
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
# 'rest_framework.permissions.IsAdminUser', # 管理员可以访问
# 'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated', # 认证用户可以访问
# 'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly', # 认证用户可以访问, 否则只能读取
# 'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny', # 所有用户都可以访问
],
#3.限流(防爬虫)
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle',
'rest_framework.throttling.UserRateThrottle',
],
#3.1限流策略
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'user': '100/hour', # 认证用户每小时100次
'anon': '3/day', # 未认证用户每天能访问3次
},
'DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation',
'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata',
'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': None,
#4.分页(全局):全局分页器, 例如 省市区的数据自定义分页器, 不需要分页
'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
# 每页返回数量
'PAGE_SIZE': 10, # 默认 None
#5.过滤器后端
'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': [
'django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',
# 'django_filters.rest_framework.backends.DjangoFilterBackend', 包路径有变化
],
#5.1过滤排序(全局):Filtering 过滤排序
'SEARCH_PARAM': 'search',
'ORDERING_PARAM': 'ordering',
'NUM_PROXIES': None,
#6.版本控制:Versioning 接口版本控制
'DEFAULT_VERSION': None,
'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': None,
'VERSION_PARAM': 'version',
# Authentication 认证
# 未认证用户使用的用户类型
'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': 'django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser',
# 未认证用户使用的Token值
'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
# View configuration
'VIEW_NAME_FUNCTION': 'rest_framework.views.get_view_name',
'VIEW_DESCRIPTION_FUNCTION': 'rest_framework.views.get_view_description',
'NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY': 'non_field_errors',
# Testing
'TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',
'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer'
],
'TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT': 'multipart',
# Hyperlink settings
'URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE': 'format',
'FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG': 'format',
'URL_FIELD_NAME': 'url',
# Encoding
'UNICODE_JSON': True,
'COMPACT_JSON': True,
'STRICT_JSON': True,
'COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING': True,
'UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL': True,
# Browseable API
'HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF': 1000,
'HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT': "More than {count} items...",
# Schemas
'SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK': True,
'SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES': {
'retrieve': 'read',
'destroy': 'delete'
},
}
1.3 创建user/serializers.py写序列化器
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework import serializers
from apps.user.models import User
def address_validate(data):
# 独立校验器
# raise serializers.ValidationError('请填写实际地址')
# 没错就返回数据
return data
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
# 1. 独立校验器,重新设定字段,替换掉模型中的设定,重新设定地址的长度为5
address = serializers.CharField(max_length=225, min_length=5, validators=[address_validate])
# 2. 单一字段验证,验证地址
def validated_data(self, data):
if data == '测试':
raise serializers.ValidationError('请填写实际地址') # 有错就抛出异常
return data
def validate_phone(self, data):
# 不符合手机号格式
# raise serializers.ValidatinError('手机格式不正确')
model = self.root.Meta.model
num = model.objects.filter(phone=data).count()
if num > 0:
raise serializers.ValidationError('手机号已存在')
return data
# 3. 所有属性验证器
def validate(self, attrs):
# attrs:{'username':'zhangsan','phone':'123456',...}
# 所有属性验证器
# self.context 中有request和view上下文
# self.context['view'].action 可以取到动作
# attrs 是需要序列化的数据
# raise serializers.ValidationError('xxx错误') # 有问题报错
return attrs # 没问题返回数据
class Meta:
model = User
# fields = ('id', ) # 临时添加字段也需要写在这里
fields = '__all__'
# exclude = ['id'] # 排除 id 字段
read_only_fields = ('',) # 指定字段为 read_only
# 扩展address: extra_kwargs = {} # 局部替换某些字段的设定,或者新增设定
extra_kwargs = {
'address': {
'min_length': 5, # 给地址增加 最小长度限制
'default': '默认测试地址', # 增加默认值
}
}
class UserUnActiveSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
pass
2.DRF认证,权限,限流,分页,过滤,序列化
2.1 user/urls.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from django.urls import include,path
from user import views
from user.views import index
from rest_framework.routers import SimpleRouter, DefaultRouter
# 自动生成路由方法,必须使用视图集
# router = SimpleRouter() # 没有跟路由 /user/ 无法识别
router = DefaultRouter() # 有根路由
router.register(r'user',views.UserViewSet) # 配置路由
urlpatterns = [
path('index/',views.index),
path('api-auth/',include('rest_framework.urls',namespace='rest_framework')), #认证地址
]
urlpatterns += router.urls # 模块地址
2.2 user/views,py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework.authentication import BasicAuthentication, SessionAuthentication
from rest_framework.decorators import action
from rest_framework.filters import OrderingFilter
from rest_framework.permissions import AllowAny, IsAdminUser, IsAuthenticated, IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission, SAFE_METHODS
from apps.user.models import User
from user.serializers import UserSerializer, UserUnActiveSerializer
def index(request):
return HttpResponse('hello')
class PageNum(PageNumberPagination):
# 查询字符串中代表每页返回数据数量的参数名,默认值:None
page_query_param = 'page_size'
# 查询字符串中代表页码的参数名,有默认值:page
# page_query_param = 'page'
# 一页中最多的结果条数
max_page_size = 2
# 自定义权限(局部)
class MyPermission(BasePermission):
def has_permission(self, request, view):
print(view.kwargs.get('pk'), request.user.id)
''' 判断用户对模型有没有访问权 '''
# 任何用户对使用此权限类的视图都有访问权限
print(request)
if request.user.is_superuser:
# 管理员对瀛湖模型有访问权
return True
elif view.kwargs.get('pk') == str(request.user.id):
# 携带的id和用户的id相同是有访问权
return True
return False
def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
"""获取单个数据时,判断用户对某个数据对象是否有访问权限"""
if request.user.id == obj.id:
return True
return False
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
''' 完成产品的增删改查 '''
queryset = User.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer # 优先使用 get_serializer_class 返回的序列号器
# 1. 认证:自定义认证类,自定义会覆盖全局配置
# authentication_classes = (BasicAuthentication, SessionAuthentication)
# 2. 权限:自定义权限类
# permission_classes = (MyPermission)
# 3. 分页:自定义分页器 覆盖全局配置
pagination_class = PageNum
# 4. 限流:自定义限流类
throttle_classes = [UserRateThrottle]
# 5. 过滤:指定过滤方法类,排序方法类,一个或多个
filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend, OrderingFilter) # 同时支持过滤和排序
# 5.1 指定排序字段,不设置,排序功能不起效
ordering_fields = ('date_joined', 'id') # ?ordering=-id
# 5.2 指定过滤字段,不设置,过滤功能不起效
filter_fields = ('username', 'phone', 'is_active') # ?username=tom&phone&is_active=true
# 根据不同的请求,获取不同的序列化器
def get_serializer_class(self):
if self.action == 'unactived':
return UserUnActiveSerializer
else:
return UserSerializer
@action(methods=['get'], detail=False)
def unactived(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取查询集,过滤出未激活的用户
qs = self.queryset.filter(is_active=False)
# 使用学序列化器,序列化查询集,并且是
ser = self.get_serializer(qs, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)