k8s之Pod结构和定义
Pod介绍
pod结构
每个pod中都可以包含一个或多个容器，这些容器可以分为两类
- 用户程序所在的容器，数量可多可少
- Pause容器，这是每个Pod都会有的一个根容器，它的作用有两个
- 可以以它为根据，评估整个pod的健康状态
- 可以在根容器上设置IP地址，其他容器都以此IP（Pod IP），以实现Pod内部的网络通信
这里是Pod内部的通讯，Pod之间的通讯采用虚拟二层网络技术来实现，我们当前环境用的是Flannel
Pod定义
pod的资源清单：
apiVersion: v1 #必选，版本号，例如v1 king: Pod #必选，资源类型，例如Pod metadata: name: string #必选，pod名称 namespace: string #pod所属的命名空间，默认为"default" labels: - name: string spec: #必选，pod中容器的详细定义 containers: #必选，pod中容器列表 - name: string #必选，容器名称 image: string #必选，容器镜像名称 imagePullPolicy: [Always|Never|IfNotPresent] #获取镜像的策略 command: [string] #容器的启动命令列表，如不指定，使用打包时使用的启动命令 args: [string] #容器的启动命令参数列表 workingDir: string #容器的工作目录 volumeMounts: #挂载到容器内部的存储卷配置 - name: string #引用pod定义的共享数据卷的名称，需用volumes[]部分定义的卷名 mountPath: string #存储卷在容器内mount的绝对路径，应少于512字符 readOnly: boolean #是否为只读模式 ports: 3需要暴露的端口库号列表 - name: string #端口的名称 containerPort: int #容器需要监听的端口号 hostPort: int #容器所在主机需要监听的端口号，默认与Container相同 protocol: string #端口协议，支持TCP和UDP，默认TCP
env: #容器运行前需要设置的环境变量列表
- name: string #环境变量名称
value: string #环境变量的值
resources: #资源限制和请求的设置
limits: #资源限制的设置
......
可以发现，pod的资源非常繁多，因此要一个一个记住是不现实的
所以k8s提供了能够查看每种资源的配置项的命令
#kubectl explain 资源类型 #查看某种资源可以配置的一级属性
#kubectl explain 资源类型.属性 #查看属性的子属性
查看pod资源的一级属性
[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod KIND: Pod VERSION: v1 DESCRIPTION: Pod is a collection of containers that can run on a host. This resource is created by clients and scheduled onto hosts. FIELDS: apiVersion <string> APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources kind <string> Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds metadata <Object> Standard object's metadata. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#metadata spec <Object> Specification of the desired behavior of the pod. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status status <Object> Most recently observed status of the pod. This data may not be up to date. Populated by the system. Read-only. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status
查看pod资源的metadata的子属性
[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod.metadata KIND: Pod VERSION: v1 RESOURCE: metadata <Object> DESCRIPTION: Standard object's metadata. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#metadata ObjectMeta is metadata that all persisted resources must have, which includes all objects users must create. FIELDS: annotations <map[string]string> Annotations is an unstructured key value map stored with a resource that may be set by external tools to store and retrieve arbitrary metadata. They are not queryable and should be preserved when modifying objects. More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/annotations clusterName <string> The name of the cluster which the object belongs to. This is used to distinguish resources with same name and namespace in different clusters. This field is not set anywhere right now and apiserver is going to ignore it if set in create or update request. creationTimestamp <string> CreationTimestamp is a timestamp representing the server time when this object was created. It is not guaranteed to be set in happens-before order across separate operations. Clients may not set this value. It is represented in RFC3339 form and is in UTC. Populated by the system. Read-only. Null for lists. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#metadata deletionGracePeriodSeconds <integer> Number of seconds allowed for this object to gracefully terminate before it will be removed from the system. Only set when deletionTimestamp is also set. May only be shortened. Read-only. deletionTimestamp <string> DeletionTimestamp is RFC 3339 date and time at which this resource will be deleted. This field is set by the server when a graceful deletion is requested by the user, and is not directly settable by a client. The resource is expected to be deleted (no longer visible from resource lists, and not reachable by name) after the time in this field, once the finalizers list is empty. As long as the finalizers list contains items, deletion is blocked. Once the deletionTimestamp is set, this value may not be unset or be set further into the future, although it may be shortened or the resource may be deleted prior to this time. For example, a user may request that a pod is deleted in 30 seconds. The Kubelet will react by sending a graceful termination signal to the containers in the pod. After that 30 seconds, the Kubelet will send a hard termination signal (SIGKILL) to the container and after cleanup, remove the pod from the API. In the presence of network partitions, this object may still exist after this timestamp, until an administrator or automated process can determine the resource is fully terminated. If not set, graceful deletion of the object has not been requested. Populated by the system when a graceful deletion is requested. Read-only. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#metadata finalizers <[]string> Must be empty before the object is deleted from the registry. Each entry is an identifier for the responsible component that will remove the entry from the list. If the deletionTimestamp of the object is non-nil, entries in this list can only be removed. Finalizers may be processed and removed in any order. Order is NOT enforced because it introduces significant risk of stuck finalizers. finalizers is a shared field, any actor with permission can reorder it. If the finalizer list is processed in order, then this can lead to a situation in which the component responsible for the first finalizer in the list is waiting for a signal (field value, external system, or other) produced by a component responsible for a finalizer later in the list, resulting in a deadlock. Without enforced ordering finalizers are free to order amongst themselves and are not vulnerable to ordering changes in the list. generateName <string> GenerateName is an optional prefix, used by the server, to generate a unique name ONLY IF the Name field has not been provided. If this field is used, the name returned to the client will be different than the name passed. This value will also be combined with a unique suffix. The provided value has the same validation rules as the Name field, and may be truncated by the length of the suffix required to make the value unique on the server. If this field is specified and the generated name exists, the server will NOT return a 409 - instead, it will either return 201 Created or 500 with Reason ServerTimeout indicating a unique name could not be found in the time allotted, and the client should retry (optionally after the time indicated in the Retry-After header). Applied only if Name is not specified. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#idempotency generation <integer> A sequence number representing a specific generation of the desired state. Populated by the system. Read-only. labels <map[string]string> Map of string keys and values that can be used to organize and categorize (scope and select) objects. May match selectors of replication controllers and services. More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/labels managedFields <[]Object> ManagedFields maps workflow-id and version to the set of fields that are managed by that workflow. This is mostly for internal housekeeping, and users typically shouldn't need to set or understand this field. A workflow can be the user's name, a controller's name, or the name of a specific apply path like "ci-cd". The set of fields is always in the version that the workflow used when modifying the object. name <string> Name must be unique within a namespace. Is required when creating resources, although some resources may allow a client to request the generation of an appropriate name automatically. Name is primarily intended for creation idempotence and configuration definition. Cannot be updated. More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/identifiers#names namespace <string> Namespace defines the space within each name must be unique. An empty namespace is equivalent to the "default" namespace, but "default" is the canonical representation. Not all objects are required to be scoped to a namespace - the value of this field for those objects will be empty. Must be a DNS_LABEL. Cannot be updated. More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/namespaces ownerReferences <[]Object> List of objects depended by this object. If ALL objects in the list have been deleted, this object will be garbage collected. If this object is managed by a controller, then an entry in this list will point to this controller, with the controller field set to true. There cannot be more than one managing controller. resourceVersion <string> An opaque value that represents the internal version of this object that can be used by clients to determine when objects have changed. May be used for optimistic concurrency, change detection, and the watch operation on a resource or set of resources. Clients must treat these values as opaque and passed unmodified back to the server. They may only be valid for a particular resource or set of resources. Populated by the system. Read-only. Value must be treated as opaque by clients and . More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#concurrency-control-and-consistency selfLink <string> SelfLink is a URL representing this object. Populated by the system. Read-only. DEPRECATED Kubernetes will stop propagating this field in 1.20 release and the field is planned to be removed in 1.21 release. uid <string> UID is the unique in time and space value for this object. It is typically generated by the server on successful creation of a resource and is not allowed to change on PUT operations. Populated by the system. Read-only. More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/identifiers#uids
在k8s中所有资源的一级属性都是一样的，主要包含5部分：
- apiVersion <string> 版本，由k8s内部定义，版本号可以用 kubectl api-versions查询到
- kind <string> 类型，由k8s内部定义，可以用 kubectl api-resources查询到
- metadata <Object> 元数据，主要是资源标识和说明，常用的有name，namespace，labels等
- spec <Object> 描述，这是配置中最重要的一部分，里面是对各种资源配置的详细描述
- status <Object> 状态信息，里面的内容不需要定义，由k8s自动生成
在上面的属性中，spect是接下来研究的重点，继续看下它的常见子属性：
- containers <[]Object> 容器列表，用于定义容器的详细信息
- nodeName <String> 根据nodename的值将pod调度到指定的Node节点上
- nodeSelector <map[]> 根据NodeSelector中定义的信息选择将该Pod调度到包含这些label的node上
- hostNetwork <boolean> 是否使用主机网络模式，默认为false，如果设置为true，表示使用宿主机网络
- volumes <[]Object> 存储卷，用于定义Pod上面挂载的存储信息
- restartPolicy <string> 重启策略，表示Pod在遇到故障的时候的处理策略
