[Algorithm] Construct String from Binary Tree

You need to construct a string consists of parenthesis and integers from a binary tree with the preorder traversing way.

The null node needs to be represented by empty parenthesis pair "()". And you need to omit all the empty parenthesis pairs that don't affect the one-to-one mapping relationship between the string and the original binary tree.

Input: Binary tree: [1,2,3,4]
       1
     /   \
    2     3
   /    
  4     

Output: "1(2(4))(3)"

Explanation: Originallay it needs to be "1(2(4)())(3()())", 
but you need to omit all the unnecessary empty parenthesis pairs. 
And it will be "1(2(4))(3)".

 

Input: Binary tree: [1,2,3,null,4]
       1
     /   \
    2     3
     \  
      4 

Output: "1(2()(4))(3)"

Explanation: Almost the same as the first example, 
except we can't omit the first parenthesis pair to break the one-to-one mapping relationship between the input and the output.

 

function Node(val) {
  return {
    val,
    left: null,
    right: null
  };
}

function Tree() {
  return {
    root: null,
    addLeft(val, root) {
      const node = Node(val);
      root.left = node;
      return root.left;
    },
    addRight(val, root) {
      const node = Node(val);
      root.right = node;
      return root.right;
    }
  };
}

function printTree(root) {
  let result = "";
  function print(root, result = '') {
    if (root === null) {
      return "";
    }

    // the leaf node
    if (root.left === null && root.right === null) {
      return `${root.val}`;
    }

    //if has left but no right
    if (root.left !== null && root.right === null) {
      return `${root.val}(${root.left.val})`;
    }

    // if has no left but has right
    if (root.left === null && root.right !== null) {
      return `${root.val}()(${root.right.val})`;
    }
    
    result += root.val
    result += `(${print(root.left, result)})`;
    result += `(${print(root.right, result)})`;
    return result
  }

  result += print(root, result);
  
  return result;
}

const t1 = new Tree();
t1.root = Node(1);
const n1 = t1.addLeft(2, t1.root);
t1.addRight(3, t1.root);
t1.addLeft(4, n1);
console.log(printTree(t1.root)); // '1(2(4))(3)'

const t2 = new Tree();
t2.root = Node(1);
const n2 = t1.addLeft(2, t2.root);
t2.addRight(3, t2.root);
t2.addRight(4, n2);
console.log(printTree(t2.root)); //'1(2()(4))(3)'