FrameWork内核解析之布局加载与资源系统（三）
阿里P7Android高级架构进阶视频免费学习请点击：https://space.bilibili.com/474380680
本篇文章将继续从以下两个内容来介绍布局加载与资源系统:
- [ LayoutManager]
- [ Resources 和 AssetManager]
一、LayoutManager
流程
继承RecyclerView.LayoutManager
重写onLayoutChildren来添加子View
重写scrollVerticallyBy来实现竖向滚动
继承RecyclerView.LayoutManager
就一个抽象方法,重写就行了
public class CustomLayoutManager extends RecyclerView.LayoutManager {
@Override
public RecyclerView.LayoutParams generateDefaultLayoutParams() {
return new RecyclerView.LayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT,ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
}
}
onLayoutChildren
相当于ViewGroup的 onLayout.一开始的界面构建就是这个入口
1 在RecyclerView初始化时，会被调用两次。
2 在调用adapter.notifyDataSetChanged()时，会被调用。
3 在调用setAdapter替换Adapter时,会被调用。
4 在RecyclerView执行动画时，它也会被调用。
onLayoutChildren中的流程
报废当前的View
获取对应位置的子view
添加进RecyclerView
测量子View的宽高
根据测量的宽高,给他们排列好位置
注意,这一版本是没考虑缓存,全一股脑添加进RecyclerView的,目的是熟悉代码为后面铺垫
其中的函数
detachAndScrapAttachedViews : 是将当前Recycler中的view全部移除并放到报废缓存里,之后优先重用缓存里的view
getDecoratedMeasuredWidth/getDecoratedMeasuredHeight 获取宽高,这个是加上了DecorateView
的,现在没有 RecyclerView.addItemDecoration();直接理解为宽高就行
layoutDecorated就是用来个子View排位置的
actualHeight记录了目前的高度,为了实现LinearLayoutManager的垂直排序来的
然后看看具体代码吧
@Override
public void onLayoutChildren(RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
if (getItemCount() == 0){
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
return;
}
//state.isPreLayout()是支持动画的
if (getItemCount() == 0 && state.isPreLayout()){
return;
}
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
actualHeight = 0;
for (int i = 0 ;i < getItemCount() ; i++){
View scrap = recycler.getViewForPosition(i);
addView(scrap);
measureChildWithMargins(scrap,0,0);
int width = getDecoratedMeasuredWidth(scrap);
int height = getDecoratedMeasuredHeight(scrap);
layoutDecorated(scrap,0,actualHeight,width,actualHeight+height);
actualHeight+=height;
}
}
测试的Activity
public class LayoutManagerActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_layout_manager);
CustomLayoutManager customLayoutManager = new CustomLayoutManager();
RecyclerView rv = findViewById(R.id.rv);
rv.setLayoutManager(customLayoutManager);
rv.setAdapter(new RecyclerView.Adapter<VH>() {
@NonNull
@Override
public VH onCreateViewHolder(@NonNull ViewGroup viewGroup, int i) {
View view = LayoutInflater.from(viewGroup.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.item_custom,viewGroup,false);
Log.d("LayoutManagerActivity","onCreateViewHolder " + i);
return new VH(view);
}
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(@NonNull VH viewHolder, int i) {
viewHolder.tv.setText(i+"");
if (i%2 == 0){
viewHolder.tv.setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);
}else {
viewHolder.tv.setBackgroundColor(Color.BLUE);
}
Log.d("LayoutManagerActivity","onBindViewHolder " + i);
}
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return 20;
}
});
}
private static class VH extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder{
TextView tv ;
public VH(@NonNull View itemView) {
super(itemView);
tv = itemView.findViewById(R.id.tv);
}
}
}
就可以看到布局排列好了.但是
onCreateViewHolder调用了20次,onBindViewHolder也调用了20.不能滑动
滑动
canScrollVertically返回true就是可以垂直滑动
scrollVerticallyBy是滑动具体的逻辑
scrollVerticallyBy的参数要说明下
参数:
dy : 是当前滑动的距离,界面向下滚动的时候,dy为正,向上滚动的时候dy为负
返回的值: 如果Math.abs(返回值)小于dy,说明到达边界了,这里简单的处理下,如果到达边界了直接返回0
逻辑
通过totalScrollY来记录已经滑动的总距离
向下滚动的时候,如果总距离超过了子view的总高度-屏幕高度,说明到达下边界了
向上滚动的时候,如果总距离小于等于0,就是到达了上边界
其他就是正常情况了,使用offsetChildrenVertical来滚动界面
具体如下
@Override
public boolean canScrollVertically() {
return true;
}
@Override
public int scrollVerticallyBy(int dy, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
//界面向下滚动的时候,dy为正,向上滚动的时候dy为负
//向下滚动的时候,最下面的值不能超过总值,
//向上滚动的时候,最上面的值不能小于0
int willScrollTo = totalScrollY + dy;
Log.d(TAG,"scrollVerticallyBy " + dy + " totalScrollY " + totalScrollY);
if (willScrollTo >= actualHeight-getHeight()){
offsetChildrenVertical(-1*(actualHeight - getHeight() - totalScrollY));
totalScrollY = actualHeight- getHeight();
return 0;
}
if (willScrollTo <= 0){
offsetChildrenVertical(totalScrollY);
totalScrollY = 0;
return 0;
}
offsetChildrenVertical(dy*-1);
totalScrollY +=dy;
return dy;
}
这样就完成了简陋版的LinearLayoutManager.完整代码
/**
* 只有填充,滑动,没有回收
*/
public class CustomLayoutManager extends RecyclerView.LayoutManager {
private final String TAG = "feifeifei";
private int actualHeight = 0;
private int totalScrollY = 0;
@Override
public RecyclerView.LayoutParams generateDefaultLayoutParams() {
return new RecyclerView.LayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT,ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
}
@Override
public void onLayoutChildren(RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
if (getItemCount() == 0){
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
return;
}
//state.isPreLayout()是支持动画的
if (getItemCount() == 0 && state.isPreLayout()){
return;
}
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
actualHeight = 0;
for (int i = 0 ;i < getItemCount() ; i++){
View scrap = recycler.getViewForPosition(i);
addView(scrap);
measureChildWithMargins(scrap,0,0);
int width = getDecoratedMeasuredWidth(scrap);
int height = getDecoratedMeasuredHeight(scrap);
layoutDecorated(scrap,0,actualHeight,width,actualHeight+height);
actualHeight+=height;
}
}
@Override
public boolean canScrollVertically() {
return true;
}
@Override
public int scrollVerticallyBy(int dy, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
//界面向下滚动的时候,dy为正,向上滚动的时候dy为负
//向下滚动的时候,最下面的值不能超过总值,
//向上滚动的时候,最上面的值不能小于0
int willScrollTo = totalScrollY + dy;
Log.d(TAG,"scrollVerticallyBy " + dy + " totalScrollY " + totalScrollY);
if (willScrollTo >= actualHeight-getHeight()){
offsetChildrenVertical(-1*(actualHeight - getHeight() - totalScrollY));
totalScrollY = actualHeight- getHeight();
return 0;
}
if (willScrollTo <= 0){
offsetChildrenVertical(totalScrollY);
totalScrollY = 0;
return 0;
}
offsetChildrenVertical(dy*-1);
totalScrollY +=dy;
return dy;
}
}
加入回收功能
其实就是基于上边的简陋版本进行扩展
onLayoutChildren的时候不添加全部view,只添加可视范围内的View
滑动的时候要更复杂一点
如果向下滚动,先往RecyclerView下面添加即将展示的View
如果往上滚动,就往RecyclerView上面添加即将展示的View
添加完View后就调用offsetChildrenVertical进行滚动
完了后检查是否有子View离开了可视界面,如果不可见了,就是用removeAndRecycleView来移除掉
onLayoutChildren
与之前不同的就是最后几句,如果超过RecyclerView的高度了,就不Add了
@Override
public void onLayoutChildren(RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
Log.d(TAG,"onLayoutChildren ");
if (getItemCount() == 0){
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
return;
}
//state.isPreLayout()是支持动画的
if (getItemCount() == 0 && state.isPreLayout()){
return;
}
//将当前Recycler中的view全部移除并放到报废缓存里,之后优先重用缓存里的view
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
int actualHeight = 0;
for (int i = 0 ;i < getItemCount() ; i++){
View scrap = recycler.getViewForPosition(i);
addView(scrap);
measureChildWithMargins(scrap,0,0);
int width = getDecoratedMeasuredWidth(scrap);
int height = getDecoratedMeasuredHeight(scrap);
layoutDecorated(scrap,0,actualHeight,width,actualHeight+height);
actualHeight+=height;
//超出界面的就不画了,也不add了
if (actualHeight > getHeight()){
break;
}
}
}
scrollVerticallyBy
之前说了,分为填充,滚动,回收
@Override
public int scrollVerticallyBy(int dy, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
Log.d("feifeifei","getChildCount() " + getChildCount() + " recycler.getScrapList().size() " + recycler.getScrapList().size());
//界面向下滚动的时候,dy为正,向上滚动的时候dy为负
//向下滚动的时候,最下面的值不能超过总值,
//向上滚动的时候,最上面的值不能小于0
//填充
fill(dy,recycler,state);
//滚动
offsetChildrenVertical(dy*-1);
//回收已经离开界面的
recycleOut(dy,recycler,state);
return dy;
}
填充
例如向下滚动
通过getChildAt获取最后一个View
再通过getPosition获取这个View的Adapter中的位置,最后一个了,就不要继续填充了,因为没有了,如果有下一个,就继续
这里还没有滑动,但是即将滑动的距离dy传进来了,如果最后一个View滑动dy后小于RecyclerView的高度了说明最后一个View已经全部出现在界面上了,之后就是空白了,需要添加新的子View
那就做获取,测量,添加操作
向上滚动是一样的逻辑
private void fill(int dy, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state){
//向下滚动
if (dy > 0){
//先在底部填充
View lastView = getChildAt(getChildCount() -1);
int lastPos = getPosition(lastView);
if (lastPos == getChildCount()-1){
return;
}
Log.d("feifeifei","lastView top" + lastView.getTop() + " bottom " + lastView.getBottom());
if (lastView.getBottom() - dy < getHeight()){
View scrap = recycler.getViewForPosition(lastPos+1);
addView(scrap);
measureChildWithMargins(scrap,0,0);
int width = getDecoratedMeasuredWidth(scrap);
int height = getDecoratedMeasuredHeight(scrap);
layoutDecorated(scrap,0,lastView.getBottom(),width,lastView.getBottom()+height);
}
}else {
//向上滚动
//现在顶部填充
View firstView = getChildAt(0);
Log.d("feifeifei","firstView top" + firstView.getTop() + " bottom " + firstView.getBottom());
int layoutPostion = getPosition(firstView);
if (layoutPostion == 0){
return;
}
if (firstView.getTop() >= 0 ){
View scrap = recycler.getViewForPosition(layoutPostion -1);
addView(scrap,0);
measureChildWithMargins(scrap,0,0);
int width = getDecoratedMeasuredWidth(scrap);
int height = getDecoratedMeasuredHeight(scrap);
layoutDecorated(scrap,0,firstView.getTop() - height,width,firstView.getTop());
}
}
}
滚动
滚动就是直接用offsetChildrenVertical(dy*-1);但是需要和简陋版一样,需要搞定边界问题
例如: 到达上边界后,滑动的距离不是dy,而是第一个View还剩下多少距离可以滑动,代码如下
int canScroll = dy;
if (dy>0){
View lastView = getChildAt(getChildCount() -1);
int lastPos = getPosition(lastView);
if (lastPos >= getItemCount()-1){
if (lastView.getBottom() - dy < getHeight()){
canScroll = lastView.getBottom() - getHeight();
offsetChildrenVertical(canScroll*-1);
return 0;
}
}
}else {
View firView = getChildAt(0);
int firstPos = getPosition(firView);
if (firstPos <= 0){
if (firView.getTop() - dy >= 0){
canScroll = firView.getTop();
offsetChildrenVertical(canScroll*-1);
return 0;
}
}
}
回收
通过getChildCount() 获取当前所有的子View
例如向上滚动,name就回收最下面的,最下面的View的top滑动后超出了RecyclerView的高度,说明这个View全部在界面外了,可以回收了,使用removeAndRecycleView移除并回收
向下滚动就判断顶部的Bottom是否小于0
private void recycleOut(int dy, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state){
for (int i = 0 ; i <getChildCount() ;i++){
View view = getChildAt(i);
Log.d("feifeifei","recycleOut position "+ i + " top " + view.getTop() + " bottom " + view.getBottom());
if (dy >0){
if (view.getBottom()-dy <0){
Log.d("feifeifei","recycleOut " + i);
removeAndRecycleView(view,recycler);
}
}else {
if (view.getTop()-dy > getHeight()){
Log.d("feifeifei","recycleOut " + i);
removeAndRecycleView(view,recycler);
}
}
}
}
这样带回收的LayoutManager也完成了,全部代码如下
/**
* 填充,滑动,回收
*/
public class CustomLayoutManager2 extends RecyclerView.LayoutManager {
private final String TAG = CustomLayoutManager2.class.getSimpleName();
@Override
public RecyclerView.LayoutParams generateDefaultLayoutParams() {
return new RecyclerView.LayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT,ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
}
// 1 在RecyclerView初始化时，会被调用两次。
// 2 在调用adapter.notifyDataSetChanged()时，会被调用。
// 3 在调用setAdapter替换Adapter时,会被调用。
// 4 在RecyclerView执行动画时，它也会被调用。
@Override
public void onLayoutChildren(RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
Log.d(TAG,"onLayoutChildren ");
if (getItemCount() == 0){
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
return;
}
//state.isPreLayout()是支持动画的
if (getItemCount() == 0 && state.isPreLayout()){
return;
}
//将当前Recycler中的view全部移除并放到报废缓存里,之后优先重用缓存里的view
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
int actualHeight = 0;
for (int i = 0 ;i < getItemCount() ; i++){
View scrap = recycler.getViewForPosition(i);
addView(scrap);
measureChildWithMargins(scrap,0,0);
int width = getDecoratedMeasuredWidth(scrap);
int height = getDecoratedMeasuredHeight(scrap);
layoutDecorated(scrap,0,actualHeight,width,actualHeight+height);
actualHeight+=height;
//超出界面的就不画了,也不add了
if (actualHeight > getHeight()){
break;
}
}
}
@Override
public boolean canScrollVertically() {
return true;
}
@Override
public int scrollVerticallyBy(int dy, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
Log.d("feifeifei","getChildCount() " + getChildCount() + " recycler.getScrapList().size() " + recycler.getScrapList().size());
//界面向下滚动的时候,dy为正,向上滚动的时候dy为负
//向下滚动的时候,最下面的值不能超过总值,
//向上滚动的时候,最上面的值不能小于0
int canScroll = dy;
if (dy>0){
View lastView = getChildAt(getChildCount() -1);
int lastPos = getPosition(lastView);
if (lastPos >= getItemCount()-1){
if (lastView.getBottom() - dy < getHeight()){
canScroll = lastView.getBottom() - getHeight();
offsetChildrenVertical(canScroll*-1);
return 0;
}
}
}else {
View firView = getChildAt(0);
int firstPos = getPosition(firView);
if (firstPos <= 0){
if (firView.getTop() - dy >= 0){
canScroll = firView.getTop();
offsetChildrenVertical(canScroll*-1);
return 0;
}
}
}
//底部填充
fill(dy,recycler,state);
//滚动
offsetChildrenVertical(dy*-1);
//回收已经离开界面的
recycleOut(dy,recycler,state);
return dy;
}
private void fill(int dy, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state){
//向下滚动
if (dy > 0){
//先在底部填充
View lastView = getChildAt(getChildCount() -1);
int lastPos = getPosition(lastView);
if (lastPos == getChildCount()-1){
return;
}
Log.d("feifeifei","lastView top" + lastView.getTop() + " bottom " + lastView.getBottom());
if (lastView.getBottom() - dy < getHeight()){
View scrap = recycler.getViewForPosition(lastPos+1);
addView(scrap);
measureChildWithMargins(scrap,0,0);
int width = getDecoratedMeasuredWidth(scrap);
int height = getDecoratedMeasuredHeight(scrap);
layoutDecorated(scrap,0,lastView.getBottom(),width,lastView.getBottom()+height);
// bottomItemPos++;
}
}else {
//向上滚动
//现在顶部填充
View firstView = getChildAt(0);
Log.d("feifeifei","firstView top" + firstView.getTop() + " bottom " + firstView.getBottom());
int layoutPostion = getPosition(firstView);
if (layoutPostion == 0){
return;
}
if (firstView.getTop() >= 0 ){
View scrap = recycler.getViewForPosition(layoutPostion -1);
addView(scrap,0);
measureChildWithMargins(scrap,0,0);
int width = getDecoratedMeasuredWidth(scrap);
int height = getDecoratedMeasuredHeight(scrap);
layoutDecorated(scrap,0,firstView.getTop() - height,width,firstView.getTop());
}
}
}
private void recycleOut(int dy, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state){
for (int i = 0 ; i <getChildCount() ;i++){
View view = getChildAt(i);
// Log.d("feifeifei","recycleOut position "+ i + " getDecoratedTop " + getDecoratedTop(view) + " getDecoratedBottom " + getDecoratedBottom(view));
Log.d("feifeifei","recycleOut position "+ i + " top " + view.getTop() + " bottom " + view.getBottom());
if (dy >0){
if (view.getBottom()-dy <0){
Log.d("feifeifei","recycleOut " + i);
removeAndRecycleView(view,recycler);
}
}else {
if (view.getTop()-dy > getHeight()){
Log.d("feifeifei","recycleOut " + i);
removeAndRecycleView(view,recycler);
}
}
}
}
}
然后通过adapter打印日志,onCreateViewHolder只打印了7次(我的界面上显示的7个item),然后滚动界面的时候,onBindViewHolder依次打印.看来回收还是成功的.这样一个简单版的带回收的LinearLayoutManager就好了
二、Resources 和 AssetManager
在 Android 开发中我们使用 Resources 来获取 res 目录下的各种与设备相关的资源。而使用 AssetManager 来获取 assets 目录下的资源。
一般来说 Resources 对象通过 Context 获得。
appContext 中的 resources 是在创建之后通过如下代码设置。
context.setResources(packageInfo.getResources());
而 LoadedApk 中则是通过如下代码创建：
mResources = ResourcesManager.getInstance().getResources(null, mResDir,
splitPaths, mOverlayDirs, mApplicationInfo.sharedLibraryFiles,
Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY, null, getCompatibilityInfo(),
getClassLoader());
其中 mResDir 对应 ApplicationInfo.sourceDir 字段
/**
* Full path to the base APK for this application.
*/
public String sourceDir;
ResourcesManager.getInstance().getResources 的主要逻辑如下：
final ResourcesKey key = new ResourcesKey(
resDir,
splitResDirs,
overlayDirs,
libDirs,
displayId,
overrideConfig != null ? new Configuration(overrideConfig) : null, // Copy
compatInfo);
classLoader = classLoader != null ? classLoader : ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
return getOrCreateResources(activityToken, key, classLoader);
getOrCreateResources 主要逻辑如下：
// 1) 先创建 ResourcesImpl
ResourcesImpl resourcesImpl = createResourcesImpl(key);
// 2) 再创建 Resources
resources = getOrCreateResourcesLocked(classLoader, resourcesImpl, key.mCompatInfo);
createResourcewImpl 主要逻辑如下：
final AssetManager assets = createAssetManager(key);
if (assets == null) {
return null;
}
final DisplayMetrics dm = getDisplayMetrics(key.mDisplayId, daj);
final Configuration config = generateConfig(key, dm);
final ResourcesImpl impl = new ResourcesImpl(assets, dm, config, daj);
return impl;
其中 createAssetManager(key) 的主要逻辑如下：
// 1） 创建 assets 对象实例。
AssetManager assets = new AssetManager();
// 2) 添加各资源目录。
assets.addAssetPath(key.mResDir)
assets.addAssetPath(splitResDir)
assets.addOverlayPath(idmapPath);
assets.addAssetPathAsSharedLibrary(libDir)
最终 Resources 的创建逻辑如下：
// getOrCreateResourcesLocked
Resources resources = compatInfo.needsCompatResources() ? new CompatResources(classLoader)
: new Resources(classLoader);
resources.setImpl(impl);
以 Resouces.getString 来查看资源的读取流程
1）调用 getText
public String getString(@StringRes int id) throws NotFoundException {
return getText(id).toString();
}
2）通过 resourcesImpl 调用 AssetsManager 的 getResourceText
@NonNull public CharSequence getText(@StringRes int id) throws NotFoundException {
CharSequence res = mResourcesImpl.getAssets().getResourceText(id);
if (res != null) {
return res;
}
throw new NotFoundException("String resource ID #0x"
+ Integer.toHexString(id));
}
3）getResourceText
@Nullable
final CharSequence getResourceText(@StringRes int resId) {
synchronized (this) {
final TypedValue outValue = mValue;
if (getResourceValue(resId, 0, outValue, true)) {
return outValue.coerceToString();
}
return null;
}
}
4）getResourceValue
final boolean getResourceValue(@AnyRes int resId, int densityDpi, @NonNull TypedValue outValue,
boolean resolveRefs) {
synchronized (this) {
final int block = loadResourceValue(resId, (short) densityDpi, outValue, resolveRefs);
if (block < 0) {
return false;
}
// Convert the changing configurations flags populated by native code.
outValue.changingConfigurations = ActivityInfo.activityInfoConfigNativeToJava(
outValue.changingConfigurations);
if (outValue.type == TypedValue.TYPE_STRING) {
outValue.string = mStringBlocks[block].get(outValue.data);
}
return true;
}
}
5）最后通过 loadResourceValue 这一原生方法读取。
/** Returns true if the resource was found, filling in mRetStringBlock and
* mRetData. */
private native final int loadResourceValue(int ident, short density, TypedValue outValue,
boolean resolve);
阿里P7Android高级架构进阶视频免费学习请点击：https://space.bilibili.com/474380680
参考 https://www.jianshu.com/p/f775cfcae2f6
https://www.jianshu.com/p/1799e16c80f9
标签:
，Android开发
【推荐】还在用 ECharts 开发大屏？试试这款永久免费的开源 BI 工具！
【推荐】国内首个AI IDE，深度理解中文开发场景，立即下载体验Trae
【推荐】编程新体验，更懂你的AI，立即体验豆包MarsCode编程助手
【推荐】轻量又高性能的 SSH 工具 IShell：AI 加持，快人一步
· 从二进制到误差：逐行拆解C语言浮点运算中的4008175468544之谜
· .NET制作智能桌面机器人：结合BotSharp智能体框架开发语音交互
· 软件产品开发中常见的10个问题及处理方法
· .NET 原生驾驭 AI 新基建实战系列：向量数据库的应用与畅想
· 从问题排查到源码分析：ActiveMQ消费端频繁日志刷屏的秘密
· C# 13 中的新增功能实操
· Ollama本地部署大模型总结
· 【杭电多校比赛记录】2025“钉耙编程”中国大学生算法设计春季联赛（4）
· 卧槽！C 语言宏定义原来可以玩出这些花样？高手必看！
· langchain0.3教程：从0到1打造一个智能聊天机器人