Java 死锁及解决方法
死锁是这样一种情形:多个线程同时被阻塞,它们中的一个或者全部都在等待某个资源被释放。由于线程被无限期地阻塞,因此程序不可能正常终止。
java 死锁产生的四个必要条件:
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1>互斥使用,即当资源被一个线程使用(占有)时,别的线程不能使用
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2>不可抢占,资源请求者不能强制从资源占有者手中夺取资源,资源只能由资源占有者主动释放。
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3>请求和保持,即当资源请求者在请求其他的资源的同时保持对原有资源的战友。
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4>循环等待,即存在一个等待队列:P1占有P2的资源,P2占有P3的资源,P3占有P1的资源。这样就形成了一个等待环路。
当上述四个条件都成立的时候,便形成死锁。当然,死锁的情况下如果打破上述任何一个条件,便可让死锁消失。下面用java代码来模拟一下死锁的产生。
解决死锁问题的方法是:一种是用synchronized,一种是用Lock显式锁实现。
而如果不恰当的使用了锁,且出现同时要锁多个对象时,会出现死锁情况,如下:
import java.util.Date; public class LockTest { public static String obj1 = "obj1"; public static String obj2 = "obj2"; public static void main(String[] args) { LockA la = new LockA(); new Thread(la).start(); LockB lb = new LockB(); new Thread(lb).start(); } } class LockA implements Runnable{ public void run() { try { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockA 开始执行"); while(true){ synchronized (LockTest.obj1) { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockA 锁住 obj1"); Thread.sleep(3000); // 此处等待是给B能锁住机会 synchronized (LockTest.obj2) { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockA 锁住 obj2"); Thread.sleep(60 * 1000); // 为测试,占用了就不放 } } } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } class LockB implements Runnable{ public void run() { try { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockB 开始执行"); while(true){ synchronized (LockTest.obj2) { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockB 锁住 obj2"); Thread.sleep(3000); // 此处等待是给A能锁住机会 synchronized (LockTest.obj1) { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockB 锁住 obj1"); Thread.sleep(60 * 1000); // 为测试,占用了就不放 } } } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
运行结果: Tue May 05 10:51:06 CST 2015 LockB 开始执行 Tue May 05 10:51:06 CST 2015 LockA 开始执行 Tue May 05 10:51:06 CST 2015 LockB 锁住 obj2 Tue May 05 10:51:06 CST 2015 LockA 锁住 obj1
此时死锁产生。
为了解决这个问题,我们不使用显示的去锁,我们用信号量去控制。
信号量可以控制资源能被多少线程访问,这里我们指定只能被一个线程访问,就做到了类似锁住。而信号量可以指定去获取的超时时间,我们可以根据这个超时时间,去做一个额外处理。
对于无法成功获取的情况,一般就是重复尝试,或指定尝试的次数,也可以马上退出。
来看下如下代码:
import java.util.Date; import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; public class UnLockTest { public static String obj1 = "obj1"; public static final Semaphore a1 = new Semaphore(1); public static String obj2 = "obj2"; public static final Semaphore a2 = new Semaphore(1); public static void main(String[] args) { LockAa la = new LockAa(); new Thread(la).start(); LockBb lb = new LockBb(); new Thread(lb).start(); } } class LockAa implements Runnable { public void run() { try { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockA 开始执行"); while (true) { if (UnLockTest.a1.tryAcquire(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockA 锁住 obj1"); if (UnLockTest.a2.tryAcquire(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockA 锁住 obj2"); Thread.sleep(60 * 1000); // do something }else{ System.out.println(new Date().toString() + "LockA 锁 obj2 失败"); } }else{ System.out.println(new Date().toString() + "LockA 锁 obj1 失败"); } UnLockTest.a1.release(); // 释放 UnLockTest.a2.release(); Thread.sleep(1000); // 马上进行尝试,现实情况下do something是不确定的 } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } class LockBb implements Runnable { public void run() { try { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockB 开始执行"); while (true) { if (UnLockTest.a2.tryAcquire(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockB 锁住 obj2"); if (UnLockTest.a1.tryAcquire(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) { System.out.println(new Date().toString() + " LockB 锁住 obj1"); Thread.sleep(60 * 1000); // do something }else{ System.out.println(new Date().toString() + "LockB 锁 obj1 失败"); } }else{ System.out.println(new Date().toString() + "LockB 锁 obj2 失败"); } UnLockTest.a1.release(); // 释放 UnLockTest.a2.release(); Thread.sleep(10 * 1000); // 这里只是为了演示,所以tryAcquire只用1秒,而且B要给A让出能执行的时间,否则两个永远是死锁 } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
运行结果: Tue May 05 10:59:13 CST 2015 LockA 开始执行 Tue May 05 10:59:13 CST 2015 LockB 开始执行 Tue May 05 10:59:13 CST 2015 LockB 锁住 obj2 Tue May 05 10:59:13 CST 2015 LockA 锁住 obj1 Tue May 05 10:59:14 CST 2015LockB 锁 obj1 失败 Tue May 05 10:59:14 CST 2015LockA 锁 obj2 失败 Tue May 05 10:59:15 CST 2015 LockA 锁住 obj1 Tue May 05 10:59:15 CST 2015 LockA 锁住 obj2
采用lock锁 使用trylock 获取锁,并使用unlock释放锁 采用flag控制循环的结束
import java.util.Date; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; /** * @description 采用lock 锁 使用trylock 获取锁,并使用unlock释放锁 采用flag控制循环的结束 **/ public class LockTest3 { public static ReentrantLock lock1 = new ReentrantLock(); public static ReentrantLock lock2 = new ReentrantLock(); public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Thread t1 = new Thread(new LockA(),"线程A"); Thread t2 = new Thread(new LockB(),"线程B"); t1.start(); t2.start(); Thread.sleep(5000); System.out.println("主线程结束"); } static class LockA implements Runnable{ boolean fa = true; @Override public void run() { System.out.println("线程A开始执行"+new Date()); try { while (fa){ if (LockTest3.lock1.tryLock(1,TimeUnit.SECONDS)){ System.out.println("线程A锁住lock1"+new Date()); if (LockTest3.lock2.tryLock(1,TimeUnit.SECONDS)){ System.out.println("线程A锁住lock2"+new Date()); fa =false; }else { System.out.println("线程A锁住lock2 失败"+new Date()); } }else { System.out.println("线程A锁住lock1 失败"+new Date()); } /* lock1.unlock(); lock2.unlock();*/ System.out.println("当前线程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()); if (lock1.isHeldByCurrentThread()){ lock1.unlock(); System.out.println("线程A释放lock1"); } if (lock2.isHeldByCurrentThread()){ lock2.unlock(); System.out.println("线程A释放lock2"); } Thread.sleep(2000); } System.out.println("线程A结束============="); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } static class LockB implements Runnable{ boolean fb = true; @Override public void run() { System.out.println("线程B开始执行"+new Date()); try { while (fb){ if (LockTest3.lock2.tryLock(1,TimeUnit.SECONDS)){ System.out.println("线程B锁住lock2"+new Date()); if (LockTest3.lock1.tryLock(1,TimeUnit.SECONDS)){ System.out.println("线程B锁住lock1"+new Date()); fb=false; }else { System.out.println("线程B锁住lock1 失败"+new Date()); } }else { System.out.println("线程B锁住lock2 失败"+new Date()); } /* lock1.unlock(); lock2.unlock();*/ System.out.println("当前线程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()); if (lock1.isHeldByCurrentThread()){ lock1.unlock(); System.out.println("线程B释放lock1"); } if (lock2.isHeldByCurrentThread()){ lock2.unlock(); System.out.println("线程B释放lock2"); } Thread.sleep(2000); } System.out.println("线程结束B============="); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }
输出结果
线程A开始执行Wed Dec 25 11:23:27 CST 2019 线程A锁住lock1Wed Dec 25 11:23:27 CST 2019 线程A锁住lock2Wed Dec 25 11:23:27 CST 2019 当前线程线程A 线程A释放lock1 线程A释放lock2 线程B开始执行Wed Dec 25 11:23:27 CST 2019 线程B锁住lock2Wed Dec 25 11:23:27 CST 2019 线程B锁住lock1Wed Dec 25 11:23:27 CST 2019 当前线程线程B 线程B释放lock1 线程B释放lock2 线程A结束============= 线程结束B============= 主线程结束