简单MVVM教程2(转自CSDN-ktei2008)
上一次,我只是开了个头而已,然而在这一章中,我们将看到一点实际的代码了。我构想了很久,怎样让新手能快速掌握我想要传达的知识,然后我得出一个结论:一定一定要简单化,并且要有看的见摸的着的代码实例。好吧,我们开始。
打开你的VS2010,新建一个WPF项目,命名为MvvmTutorial即可。紧接着,在当前Solution添加4个文件夹,分别为:Infrastructure, Views, ViewModels, Models。然后,把App.xaml改成如下:
-
<Application x:Class="MvvmTutorial.App" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"></Application>
把MainWindow.xaml,MainWindow.xaml.cs删掉。在Views下添加一个新的WPF Window,命名为ShellView。在App.xaml.cs中加入:
-
protectedoverridevoid OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e)
{
bbase.OnStartup(e);
var shell =new ShellView();
shell.Show();
}都完成了吗?现在按F5,你应该可以看到你的程序正常运行,并且已经可以看到主窗体了。至此,我们只是做了一些准备工作。Shell其实就是壳的意思,每一个Windows程序都会有一个主窗体,也就是一个壳,我们在这个壳上面拼凑各种View来构成一个丰富的应用程序。
现在我们来看一下具体我们要做些什么。我说过,尽量简单化,所以我们这章的任务很简单:就是把一些联系人显示在主窗体里。我们的联系人很简单,只有两个属性:名字和电话号码。我个人喜欢从ViewModel这一层出发,但是许多朋友还是习惯从Model层写起,那么我们就先来研究一下Model,即实体。在第一章中有人问是否应该在Model里实现INotifyPropertyChanged接口,我个人认为这个没有特别的死的做法。有点人愿意把Model尽量简单化,也就是说只是一个数据的载体而已,而把所有与View打交道的事情全部推给ViewModel。然而对于我们这个简单的例子,我选择让Model也实现INotifyPropertyChanged接口,如此一来,当我们对Model做出修改后,View上就可以显示出变化了(不过在今天这一章里,我们暂时不讨论ViewModel/Model的修改)。现在,在Models下添加一个Contact类。
我们的Model,很简单,具体是这个样子的:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using MVVM_WPF.Infrastructure;
namespace MVVM_WPF.Models
{
/// <summary>
/// Our Contact model, which stores data retrieved from data persistence layer
/// </summary>
public class Contact : ObservableObject
{
#region Fields
string _name;
string _phoneNumber;
#endregion // Fields
#region Properties
public string Name
{
get
{
return _name;
}
set
{
if (_name != value)
{
_name = value;
RaisePropertyChanged(() => Name);
}
}
}
public string PhoneNumber
{
get
{
return _phoneNumber;
}
set
{
if (_phoneNumber != value)
{
_phoneNumber = value;
RaisePropertyChanged(() => PhoneNumber);
}
}
}
#endregion // Properties
}
}
你们可能注意到了这个Contact实际上继承了ObservableObject。这是一个抽象的基类,由于我们将来会有很多类都要实现INotifyPropertyChanged接口,所以我在这里写了一个基类。在Infrastructure下添加一个ObservableObject:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
namespace MVVM_WPF.Infrastructure
{
public class ObservableObject : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
public virtual void RaisePropertyChanged(string propertyName)
{
if (PropertyChanged != null)
{
PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}
}
public void RaisePropertyChanged<T>(Expression<Func<T>> propertyExpression)
{
var propertyName = PropertySupport.ExtractPropertyName(propertyExpression);
this.RaisePropertyChanged(propertyName);
}
}
}
好的,这里我要说一下,其实这个类不是我个人写的,而是“剽窃”了一些现有的开源代码,拼凑起来的。请注意PropertySupport,这是一个静态类,它其实来自于微软的Prism框架里一小段代码,我之所以这样做只是让大家看的更清楚这些MVVM的框架内部大体是怎么回事,其实都是大同小异的。请在Infrastructure下添加PropertySupport:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Linq.Expressions; using System.Reflection; namespace MVVM_WPF.Infrastructure { public static class PropertySupport { public static string ExtractPropertyName<T>(Expression<Func<T>> propertyExpression) { if (propertyExpression == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("propertyExpression"); } var memberExpression = propertyExpression.Body as MemberExpression; if (memberExpression == null) { throw new ArgumentException("The expression is not a member access expression.", "propertyExpression"); } var property = memberExpression.Member as PropertyInfo; if (property == null) { throw new ArgumentException("The member access expression does not access a property.", "propertyExpression"); } var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(true); if (getMethod.IsStatic) { throw new ArgumentException("The referenced property is a static property.", "propertyExpression"); } return memberExpression.Member.Name; } } }
有的人可能会问“PropertySupport”到底是干嘛的?其实我们经常写这样的代码:RaisePropertyChanged("SomeProperty"),这个代码本身没有任何问题,但是我们传入的是一个string,这也就暗示了两个小问题:1.当你的Property改名字以后,你需要修改这个string;2.输入string是个稍微容易出错的过程(打字错误)。那么PropertySupport.ExtractPropertyName便在牺牲了一点点效率的前提下,通过指定一个Expression来获得其属性的名字。所以我们就可以写成:RaisePropertyChanged(() => PhoneNumber);如此一来,你只需要指定哪个属性即可,至于它的名字,不需要你操心,而且当下次你修改PhoneNumber为PrivatePhoneNumber后,你也不需要修改任何string。
Okay,既然我们说了要显示出一系列联系人,我们便需要一个View和ViewModel。在ViewModels下添加ContactMasterViewModel:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using MVVM_WPF.Infrastructure; using System.Collections.ObjectModel; using MVVM_WPF.Models; namespace MVVM_WPF.ViewModels { public class ContactMasterViewModel : ObservableObject { #region Fields private bool _isLoaded; private ObservableCollection<Contact> _items = new ObservableCollection<Contact>(); #endregion // Fields #region Properties public IEnumerable<Contact> Items { get { // If we load this view model in design mode (for example, in VS or Expression), // we add some random data so that we can preview the layout of our view if (DesignHelper.IsInDesignMode) { for (int i = 0; i < 25; ++i) { _items.Add(new Contact().GenerateRandomData()); } } else if (!_isLoaded) { Load(); } return _items; } } #endregion // Properties #region Private Methods private void Load() { // TODO: Once we finish the implementation of data persistence layer, // we need to re-write this code to make this method work for real-world app. // We haven't implemented data persistence // Therefore, we temporarily load some random data in memory for (int i = 0; i < 25; ++i) { _items.Add(new Contact().GenerateRandomData()); } _isLoaded = true; } #endregion // Private Methods } }
注意这里面的DesignHelper:在Infrastructure下添加DesignHelper类:
DesignHelper内容如下:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Windows; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis; namespace MVVM_WPF.Infrastructure { public static class DesignHelper { #region Fields private static bool? _isInDesignMode; private static readonly Random Rand = new Random(Guid.NewGuid().GetHashCode()); #endregion // Fields #region Properties /// <summary> /// Gets a value indicating whether the control is in design mode /// (running in Blend or Visual Studio). /// </summary> [SuppressMessage( "Microsoft.Security", "CA2122:DoNotIndirectlyExposeMethodsWithLinkDemands", Justification = "The security risk here is neglectible.")] public static bool IsInDesignMode { get { if (!_isInDesignMode.HasValue) { #if SILVERLIGHT _isInDesignMode = DesignerProperties.IsInDesignTool; #else #if WIN8 _isInDesignMode = Windows.ApplicationModel.DesignMode.DesignModeEnabled; #else var prop = DesignerProperties.IsInDesignModeProperty; _isInDesignMode = (bool)DependencyPropertyDescriptor .FromProperty(prop, typeof(FrameworkElement)) .Metadata.DefaultValue; // Just to be sure if (!_isInDesignMode.Value && Process.GetCurrentProcess().ProcessName.StartsWith("devenv", StringComparison.Ordinal)) { _isInDesignMode = true; } #endif #endif } return _isInDesignMode.Value; } } #endregion // Properties #region Public Methods /// <summary> /// Gets a random string, given its minimum length and maximum length /// </summary> public static string GetRandomString(int minLen = 15, int maxLen = 50) { StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); int length = Rand.Next(minLen, maxLen); char ch; for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { ch = Convert.ToChar(Convert.ToInt32(Math.Floor(26 * Rand.NextDouble() + 65))); builder.Append(ch); } return builder.ToString().ToLower(); } public static string GetRandomNumericString(int minLen = 15, int maxLen = 25) { StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); int length = Rand.Next(minLen, maxLen); for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { builder.Append(Rand.Next(0, 10).ToString()); } return builder.ToString().ToLower(); } #endregion // Public Methods } }
注意IsInDesignMode属性:这是我剽窃MvvmLight的代码。它的作用在于调用它,你可以知道当前你是处于开发视图下还是runtime环境下,什么意思呢,等会儿再解释。还有一个new Contact().GenerateRandomData(),这个GenerateRandomData其实来自于一个Helper类:在Models下添加ModelHelper:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using MVVM_WPF.Infrastructure; namespace MVVM_WPF.Models { public static class ModelHelper { public static Contact GenerateRandomData(this Contact target) { target.Name = DesignHelper.GetRandomString(5, 15); target.PhoneNumber = DesignHelper.GetRandomNumericString(8, 12); return target; } } }
- 这个应该很容易理解,就是给一个Contact的属性添加一些随机的数据而已,这样便于我们设计和测试。有了ContactMasterViewModel,我们必然需要ContactMasterView,于是在Views下添加ContactMasterView,其XAML代码如下:
<UserControl x:Class="MVVM_WPF.Views.ContactMasterView" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" mc:Ignorable="d" d:DesignHeight="300" d:DesignWidth="300"> <UserControl.Resources> <!--<mc:ContactMasterViewModel x:Key="DesignContext"/>--> </UserControl.Resources> <Grid> <ListView ItemsSource="{Binding Items, Mode=OneWay}"> <ListView.View> <GridView> <GridViewColumn Header="Name" Width="150"> <GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> <DataTemplate> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Name, Mode=OneWay}" VerticalAlignment="Center"/> </DataTemplate> </GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> </GridViewColumn> <GridViewColumn Header="Phone" Width="150"> <GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> <DataTemplate> <TextBlock Text="{Binding PhoneNumber, Mode=OneWay}" VerticalAlignment="Center"/> </DataTemplate> </GridViewColumn.CellTemplate> </GridViewColumn> </GridView> </ListView.View> </ListView> </Grid> </UserControl>
现在还缺什么呢?ShellViewModel:在ViewModels下添加ShellViewModel:using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using MVVM_WPF.Infrastructure; namespace MVVM_WPF.ViewModels { public class ShellViewModel : ObservableObject { #region Fields ContactMasterViewModel _contactMaster; #endregion // Fields #region Properties public ContactMasterViewModel ContactMaster { get { if (_contactMaster == null) { _contactMaster = new ContactMasterViewModel(); } return _contactMaster; } } #endregion // Properties } }
<Window x:Class="MVVM_WPF.Views.ShellView" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" Title="ShellView" Height="300" Width="300" xmlns:my="clr-namespace:MVVM_WPF.Views"> <Grid> <!--<view:ContactMasterView DataContext="{Binding ContactMaster}"/>--> <my:ContactMasterView DataContext="{Binding ContactMaster}" /> </Grid> </Window>
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Configuration; using System.Data; using System.Linq; using System.Windows; using MVVM_WPF.Views; using MVVM_WPF.ViewModels; namespace MVVM_WPF { /// <summary> /// App.xaml 的交互逻辑 /// </summary> public partial class App : Application { protected override void OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e) { base.OnStartup(e); var shell = new ShellView(); var shellViewModel = new ShellViewModel(); shell.DataContext = shellViewModel; shell.Show(); } } }
现在按F5,运行程序,顺利的话,你应该可以看到一些随机数据显示在界面上。好了大体就先讲到这里。其实大家可以看到,我并没有什么奇思妙想,基本上就是一路“剽窃”各路高手的代码,然后自己拼凑了个小例子而已。编程总是有一些很固定的东西,而且这么多年来,全世界的编程高手,专家,都已经写出来许多拿来即用的东西,我们需要做的是掌握好基础,多读书,多关注新知识,然后“拿来主义”,让这些好用的工具为我们服务。当然,我这个例子目前来看,实在太简单了,不过别急,后面还有新东西要讲的。下回见。谢谢大家支持。