英译汉技巧
1. 选词用字法：
Every life has its roses and thorns. (roses 本意是玫瑰，thorns本意是刺！)
I you are in an area and people start to fall over, you have the authority to put on mask on your own. (如果你所在的地方有人开始倒下，你有权利戴上面具。authority 在此意思是“权利”)
At last, Mary went home with a heavy heart. （最后，玛利心情沉重地回家了。 heavy 的基本意思是”重“， a heavy heart 表示”心情沉重“。)
The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading to a crisis in the matter of producting and marketing food.
(head 是动词，意思是”进入、陷入“，marketing 动名词的意思是销售。)
Before the old man could protest, he and the others were led away.
(老人还未来得及分辨，他和其他的几个人便被带走了。本句中的protest的意思并不是”抗议“，而是”提出申辨理由，表示异议。“)
Students of how children learn language generally agree that the most remakable aspect of this feat is the rapid acquisition of grammer.
研究孩子是怎样学习语言的学者们普遍认为：这项业绩最惊人的一方面是语法知识的快速掌握。（在该句中的student不是”学生“，而是”研究...的学者“。）
The baby has went its bed again.婴儿又尿床了.
（went在这里是个动词，意思是: to make one's bad wet by passing water from the body uncontrollably尿湿）
Money is king in many places. 在许多地方，金钱主宰一切
(king 这里不是”国王“的意思，而是”最重要的“，”主宰“的意思)
He broke his fast by drinking some milk. 他开斋喝点牛奶。（fast 表示"斋戒"）
He then found that the mercury column measured the height predicted. 后来，他发现水银柱升到了预计的高度。
（measured本身并没有”升到“的意思，但若按其基本的意思”测出来“就会译成：”后来，他发现水银柱测出了预计的高度。“）
2. 增译法
为了使意思更加明确，从意义，修饰和句法上考虑需要在译文中适当地增添一些虽无其词而有其意的词。
a. 抽象名词后加词使其具体化： 例如： Serious unemployment 严重的失业问题。
He was still reluctant to talk substance. ，他仍然不愿意谈实质性的东西。
b. 增加一个适当的名词： 例如：The temperature needed for this progressing is lower than that needed to melt. 这种加工方法所需的温度低于熔化该金属的温度。
Fundamentally, electronics is based upon an understanding of the physical world, that is, upon physics. 电子学基本上是人们对物质世界的认识，也就是物理学为基础的。（补充被动语态省去的部分）
With virtually unlimited access, television both proceeds literaly and, increasingly preempts it.
随着电子不受限制的被人们接受，它已经超过了识字的作用，并且日益取而代之。
c. 增加数量词：例如 first oil swell 第一口井。
The vius may survive weeks and months. 这种病毒可能持续数星期乃至数月。
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 这种说法一开始就将讨论引向两个极端： 要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
d. 增加形容词： 例如： Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers. 速度快，可靠性高，是电子计算机的主要优点。
e.不及物动词后加宾语： The old lady can still knit when she is 70 years old. 这位老太太70岁时还能织毛衣。
John's mother washed for a living after his father died. 约翰的父亲去世后，他的母亲以洗衣为生。
Children like to sing and dance. 孩 子们喜欢唱歌，跳舞。
I have not enough time to read. 我没有足够的时间读书。
f. 增加连词： 例如 If you are an energetic man with which you are concerned, you find yourself invariably under the orders of some big man at the top who is elderly, weary and cynical.
如果你是个精力充沛的人，对于如何完成你的工作有着独到的见解，那么， 你会发现自己总是听命于上面某个大人物，他上了年纪，精力不支，还爱吹毛求疵。
g. 增加过去时态的词。例如： You were, you are, and you remain to be my beloved mentor。
你过去是，现在是，将来仍然是我敬爱的导师。
'No' , Jean jumped up, "No, I believed that too, But I do not now." "不",珍妮跳了起来。”不，过去，我也是相信的，可是现在我也不相信了“
We were hoping to have a holiday next week, but we may not able to get away now.
我们原来盼望着下星期放假，但是现在可能走不了了。
h. 增加英语中省略的词： This year the export quantity of black tea increased by 20 percent, and jasmine tea by 30 percent.
今年红茶的出口量增加了20%， 花茶的出口量增加了30%。
We won't retreat, we never have and will never. 我们不会后退，我们从来没有后退过，将来也决不会后退。
When ower noticed me, I said I was working until he hired me. He did.
当店主注意到我时， 我说我会一直干到他雇我，他雇了我。
i. 增加一些适当修饰词语： 例如: The student ran all the way up to the station only to find that the train had left 10 minutes before.
学生们一路跑到火车站，可惜火车10分钟前开走了。
3. 减译法： 为使译文更加简洁和通顺，更符合汉语的表达习惯，需要省略一些可有可无的翻译觉得有些累赘的词语。
a. 省略代词： 例如： We are pleased to have received your invitation to the symposium on internet.
非常高兴，收到你寄来的参加互联网会议的邀请（省略代词我们。）。
If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a terrible explosion.
如果连锁反应不加控制，就可能引起可怕的爆炸（省略了代词it, it 在这里代表the chain reaction）
There are many kinds of welding materials, we can classify them according to their characteristics.
电焊材料有多种，我们可按其特点分类。
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that make it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
这种困境将是确定无疑的， 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗，投入少数农民就可能获得高产的美国耕作方法继续下去了。（原文中两处代词it，均为形式宾语）
It was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate.
她关上门的时候，己是天色较暗了（it 是非人称代词）
Rather than refuse to help you, I would borrow money from my bank.
我宁可从银行借钱，也不能不帮你（it 是形式主语，that 是先行词）
b. 省略冠词。例如： The volume of a gas increase more quickly than that of a liquid. 气体体积增加速度比液体快。
c. 省略连词： 例如： When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point low. 气压低，沸点就低。
we know spring was coming, as we had seen a robin. 当我们看见一只鸟，知道春天快要来了。
Henry had worked in bank for years, and then he went to study in MIT. 亨利在一家银行工作了几年， 然后去麻省理工学院学习去了。
d. 省略介词： Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovationhave largely been ignored by historian and philosopers of science.
多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉，在很大程度上被科学家史学家和科学史学家忽略。
Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场合，不准吸烟。
The supply oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil well will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
石油供应可能随时随地被切断；不管怎么样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右所有的油井都会枯竭。
The distinction between light and pigment is important to color theory. 区别光和色对于色彩理论来说很重要。
e. 省略名词： 例如： Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for May purchases has not yet been settled.
也许你忘记了五月份的购货款还没有结算（fact 后面引导了一个同位语从句，fact 一词可以不译。）
f.省略动词： 例如： There is no doubt that we'll carry out the experiment successfully.
毫无疑问，我们一定能把实验搞成功（there is 不翻译）
He behaved politely while answering the interviewer's questions.
他在回答记者的问题，很有礼貌。
4.转译法： 某些语法成分也需要做适当的调整，这样才能汉语译文更通顺，更自然。
He acts as if he were a king. 他的举止像个国王似的（原文的主谓结构翻译成汉语变成了名词短语，主语he起了一个定语的作作，动词act变成了主语。）
Rockets have found application for exploration of the universe
(application在原文中是名词，翻译成汉语时变成了动词)
Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives a picture.电视和无线电的区别在于电视发送和接收的是图像（different 在原文中是形容词，翻译成汉语时变成名词。）
Actually, it is not, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human right, which is something the world does not have.
事实并非如此， 因为这种问题是以人们对权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在（副词译为名词）
We are fully aware of the gravity of the situation.
我们充分认识到形势的严重性（aware 在原文是形容词，翻译成汉语变成动词）
The letter I is commonly used for current. 安母I 通常表示电流（for 在原文中是介词，翻译成汉语时变成了动词）
The computer are chiefly characterized by a accuracy and quick computation.
计算机的主要特点是准确性高运算速度快。（chiefly 在原文中是副词，翻译成汉语时变成了形容词。）
The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.
当今世界科学技术正在迅速发展（宾语science and technology 翻译为主语；主语 the modern world 翻译为状语。）
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
这类人持有极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无需考虑道德问题（状语译成宾语）
5. 分译法： 把原文中的某个成分从原文的结构分离出来，译成一个独之的结构，从句或并列分句。
We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief. 我们尽力劝说他放弃错误的信念，但没有成功。
It has been seen rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.
这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这种说法是完全正确的。（原文太长，分成两个句子）
Mr. Bush has become without doubt one of the most authoritative men in this area .
毫无疑问，布什先生己成为这个领域最有权威的人士之一。
He unnecessarity spent a lot of time introducing this book, which the students are familiar with.
他花了很长时间介绍这本书，其实没有必要，因为同学们对它己很熟悉了。
Other scientists of the brain, nothing that disease and physical damage can change personally and disort the mind, believe the brain to be nothing more than a fantastically complex computer.
另外，有一些科学家注意到疾病和身体损伤能够改变人的秉性，歪曲人的心灵。他们认为人脑仅仅是一个神奇复杂的计算机而已（原文太长，分成几个句子）
6. 合译法：将不同的句子成分组合在一起，使其符合汉语的表达方法：
When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encourage rather than laughed at.
这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励，而不是遭到嘲笑。（when that happens, it is not a mistake,组合成一个简单的汉语句子）
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
他们说，科学的发展与其说是源于天才的真知灼识，不如说是源于改进了技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。
7. 反译法： 一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明
Man are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. 男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计者们的当，（将肯定句翻译为否定句）
He showed unfeigned satisfaction at his freind's success. 他对于朋友的成功表现出真正的满足。
The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply can not sensibly be put off.
我们英国人得出的结论是，改革是大势所趋（be put off 是被动语态，如果译成”不能合乎情理地被推迟“，显得别扭）
8. 顺序调整法
He looked at the sea moodily.他心情不快地望着大海。（英语的状语moodily 翻译成汉语时位置有所变化。）
