38.倒装句

英语句子的基本语序通常是“主语在前,谓语在后”。如果根据需要将谓语动词的全部或一部分放在主语的前面,这样的语序被称为倒装句语序。
His friend Jim is among these people.(陈述句语序)
Among these people is his friend Jim. (倒装句语序)
他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。
按照形式来分类,倒装句可分为完全倒装和部分倒装两类:完全倒装是指将全部的谓语置于主语之前;部分倒装则指将谓语中的助动词、情态动词或be动词提到主语之前,而谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后。Here comes the bus. (完全倒装)
公共汽车来了。
Only by practicing more can you master the skill better.(部分倒装)
只有更多地练习你才能更好地掌握这项技术。


1.完全倒装


(1)there be句型的倒装。
该句型中的be动词也可换成 stand,lie, exist, live, remain, appear, come, happen, occur等动词。There are temporary jobs provided now in the company.
那个公司里现在提供的有临时工作。

There remains considerable doubt about when the road will be completed.
对于道路何时竣工,(人们)还相当不确定。
(2)表示时间、地点、方位的副词位于句首时的倒装。
如果句首是表示时间、地点、方位的副词(如now, then, here, there, down,up, in, out, off, backaway等),谓语动词为be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等表示位移或状态的动词,且主语为名词时,句子(或主句)应完全倒装。如果主语为代词,则不用倒装。
Now is the moment when they say goodbye.现在是他们告别的时候了。
Here comes the man about whom we have just talked.我们刚才谈论的那个人过来了。
(3)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时的倒装。
当表示地点的介词短语作状语或表语时,为了使句子平衡,可将状语或表语置于句首,引起完全倒装,此时谓语动词为come, lie, stand, live, sit, be, exist等表示位移或状态的动词。如果主语为代词,则不用倒装。
Across the river lies a newly built stone bridge. 河上有座新建的石桥。
Beyond the river lires an old fisherman.河对岸住着一个老渔夫。

2.部分倒装


(1)反复倒装。
如果前面所述情况也适用于后者,后面的句子常用so(肯定句),neither或nor(否定句)引出倒装句。They can go there by plane, and so can ue. 他们可以乘飞机去那里,我们也可以。
Mark does his homework very carefully, and so does Mary.
马克做家庭作业非常认真,玛丽也是。
He didn't see the film last night, and neither/nor did she.
他昨晚没有看这部电影,她也没看。
Lily has never seen snow, and neither/nor has Tom.莉莉从来没有见过雪,汤姆也没有。

在反复倒装句中,若要用so位于句首引出倒装句,需要具备以下三个条件:1so表示“也”的意思;②前面的句子为肯定句;3前面句子的主语和so引出句子的主语不同。如果不是表示前面所述情况也适用于后者,而是表示对前面句子内容的同意或肯定,则不用倒装,此时前后两句的主语一致,so意为“的确如此,确实”。如:


I bought a gift for my son, and so did my husband.
我给我儿子买了一件礼物,我的丈夫也买了。
I promised to buy my son a gift, and so I did.
我答应给我儿子买一件礼物,我确实买了。

(2)虚拟条件句中的倒装。
可导的非真实条件句中含有were,bod或should时,可以省略过,并将were, had或 shoold提至主语之前,构成倒装。
Wae i not for his encouragement, I wouldn't keep doing this job.
要不是他的鼓励,我就不会继续做这份工作。
Hld I been more careful, I wouldn't have made such a silly mistake.
要是我更仔细一点,我就不会犯这么蠢的错误了。
Should he act like that again, he would be punished.
他要是再像那样做事,就要受到惩罚了。
(3)表示否定或部分否定意义的词或短语位于句首时的倒装。
当表示否定或部分否定意义的词或短语位于句首时,表示强调,句子(或主句)应部分倒装。这些词或短语主要有:eldom/arely(很少), lile(不多),scarcely/hardly(几乎不),never(从不),nowhere(哪里都不),no longer(不再), in no case/in no way/on no account by no means/under(in) no cireumstances(决不),nunil(直到……才),at no time(从来没有),hardlly(scareely)…when../no soomer...than..(刚……就……,not ondly...but (also)…(不但……而且……)。
Rarely does he go to the movies.
他很少去看电影。
Never will they know what she has suffered.
他们永远不会知道她遭受了什么。
Not until late in the evening did he come back.
直到深夜他才回来。
No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.
我们刚在桌子旁坐下,电话铃就响了。

(4)“only+状语(从句)”位于句首时的倒装。
“only+状语(从句)”位于句首时,起强调作用,句子(或主句)应部分倒装。Only in this way can you get his support.
只有这样,你才能得到他的支持。
Only after the accident had happened did he become cautious.直到那场事故发生之后,他才变得谨慎起来。

although引导让步状语从句时,从句不能倒装。如:


Although he went to the driving school every week,he didn't pass the driving test.尽管他每周都去驾校,但他没有通过驾照考试。

(5) as, though引导让步状语从句时的倒装。
as引导让步状语从句时,从句要用倒装结构,即将表语、状语或谓语部分的实义动词提至句首;当作表语的可数名词单数置于句首时,该名词前面不加任何冠词。though引导让步状语从句时,从句可以用倒装结构,其用法和as的用法一样,也可以不用倒装结构。
Strong as/though the enemy is,we are not afraid.

(5) as,though引导让步状语从句时的倒装。
as引导让步状语从句时,从句要用倒装结构,即将表语、状语或谓语作表语的可数名词单数置于句首时,该名词前面不加任何冠词。though以用倒装结构,其用法和as的用法一样,也可以不用倒装结构。
Strong as/though the enemy is, we are not afraid.
敌人虽然强大,我们却不惧怕。
Girl as/though she is, she is braver than many boys. (Girl前面不加任何冠词)
她虽然是个女孩子,却比很多男孩子更勇敢。
Hard as/though he studied, he was unable to make much progress.他虽然努力学习了,却不能取得很大的进步。
Fail as/though I did,I would never give up.
尽管我失败了,但我永远不会放弃。

(6) so...that...,such...that...结构中的so或such连同其所修饰的成分位于句首时的倒装。当s..thatsuch...that...结构中的s0或such连同其所修饰的成分位于句首时,表示强调,主句应部分倒装。此外,当to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point等介词短语位于句首时,句子(或主句)也要部分倒装。
So suddenly did the attack happen that many people had no time to escape.
袭击发生得如此突然,以至于许多人来不及逃跑。
To such a degree was he interested in reading that nothing could distract him.
他对阅读感兴趣到如此程度,以至于什么都不能使他分心。

有时候为了使句子结构平衡,使上下文连接紧密或强调句子的某些成分,可以将状语、表语、宾语等成分放在句首,从而引起倒装。
1状语放在句首。如:


The door opened and out of the room came a girl with long hair.
门开了,从房间里走出来一位长头发的姑娘。
2表语放在句首。如:
Great are our achievements in science and technology.
我们在科技上(取得)的成就很大。
3宾语放在句首。如:
More evidence do we need to win the case.我们需要更多的证据来胜诉。

posted @ 2022-08-15 22:06  随遇而安==  阅读(404)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报