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Elasticsearch实践(二):搜索

本文以 Elasticsearch 6.2.4为例。

经过前面的基础入门,我们对ES的基本操作也会了。现在来学习ES最强大的部分:全文检索。

准备工作

批量导入数据

先需要准备点数据,然后导入:

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/elastic/elasticsearch/master/docs/src/test/resources/accounts.json

curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -XPOST "localhost:9200/bank/account/_bulk" --data-binary "@accounts.json"

这样我们就导入了1000条数据到ES。

注意:accounts.json每行必须以\n换行。如果提示The bulk request must be terminated by a newline [\n],请检查最后一行是否以\n换行。

index是bank。我们可以查看现在有哪些index:

curl "localhost:9200/_cat/indices?format=json&pretty"

结果:

[
  {
    "health" : "yellow",
    "status" : "open",
    "index" : "bank",
    "uuid" : "MDxR02uESgKSynX6k8B-og",
    "pri" : "5",
    "rep" : "1",
    "docs.count" : "1000",
    "docs.deleted" : "0",
    "store.size" : "474.6kb",
    "pri.store.size" : "474.6kb"
  }
]

使用kibana可视化数据

该小节是可选的,如果不感兴趣,可以跳过。

该小节要求你已经搭建好了ElasticSearch + Kibana。

打开kibana web地址:http://127.0.0.1:5601,依次打开:Management
-> Kibana -> Index Patterns ,选择Create Index Pattern
a. Index pattern 输入:bank
b. 点击Create。

然后打开Discover,选择 bank 就能看到刚才导入的数据了。

我们在可视化界面里检索数据:

是不是很酷!

接下来我们使用API来实现检索。

查询

URI检索

uri检索是通过提供请求参数纯粹使用URI来执行搜索请求。

GET /bank/_search?q=Virginia&pretty
GET /bank/_search?q=firstname:Virginia

curl:

curl -XGET "localhost:9200/bank/_search?q=Virginia&pretty"
curl -XGET "localhost:9200/bank/_search?q=firstname:Virginia&pretty"

解释:检索关键字为"Virginia"的结果。结果示例:

{
  "took": 4,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 2,
    "max_score": 4.631368,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bank",
        "_type": "account",
        "_id": "298",
        "_score": 4.631368,
        "_source": {
          "account_number": 298,
          "balance": 34334,
          "firstname": "Bullock",
          "lastname": "Marsh",
          "age": 20,
          "gender": "M",
          "address": "589 Virginia Place",
          "employer": "Renovize",
          "email": "bullockmarsh@renovize.com",
          "city": "Coinjock",
          "state": "UT"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bank",
        "_type": "account",
        "_id": "25",
        "_score": 4.6146765,
        "_source": {
          "account_number": 25,
          "balance": 40540,
          "firstname": "Virginia",
          "lastname": "Ayala",
          "age": 39,
          "gender": "F",
          "address": "171 Putnam Avenue",
          "employer": "Filodyne",
          "email": "virginiaayala@filodyne.com",
          "city": "Nicholson",
          "state": "PA"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

返回字段含义:

  • took – Elasticsearch执行搜索的时间(以毫秒为单位)
  • timed_out – 搜索是否超时
  • _shards – 搜索了多少个分片,以及搜索成功/失败分片的计数
  • hits – 搜索结果,是个对象
  • hits.total – 符合我们搜索条件的文档总数
  • hits.hits – 实际的搜索结果数组(默认为前10个文档)
  • hits.sort - 对结果进行排序(如果按score排序则没有该字段)
  • hits._score、max_score - 暂时忽略这些字段

参数:

  • q 查询字符串(映射到query_string查询)
  • df 在查询中未定义字段前缀时使用的默认字段。
  • analyzer 分析查询字符串时要使用的分析器名称。
  • sort 排序。可以是fieldNamefieldName:asc/ 的形式fieldName:descfieldName可以是文档中的实际字段,也可以是特殊_score名称,表示基于分数的排序。可以有几个sort参数(顺序很重要)。
  • timeout 搜索超时。默认为无超时。
  • from 从命中的索引开始返回。默认为0。
  • size 要返回的点击次数。默认为10。
  • default_operator 要使用的默认运算符可以是AND或 OR。默认为OR。

详见: https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/6.2/search-uri-request.html

示例:

GET /bank/_search?q=*&sort=account_number:asc&pretty

解释:所有结果通过account_number字段升序排列。默认只返回前10条。

下面的查询与上面的含义一致:

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
        "multi_match" : {
            "query" : "Virginia",
            "fields" : ["_all"]
        }
    }
}

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": { "match_all": {} },
  "sort": [
    { "account_number": "asc" }
  ]
}

通常我们会采用传JSON方式查询。Elasticsearch提供了一种JSON样式的特定于域的语言,可用于执行查询。这被称为查询DSL。

注意:上述的查询里面我们仅指定了index,并没有指定type,那么ES将不会区分type。如果想区分,请在URI后面追加type。示例:GET /bank/account/_search

match查询

GET /bank/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "match" : { "address" : "Avenue" }
    }
}

curl:

curl -XGET -H "Content-Type: application/json" "localhost:9200/bank/_search?pretty" -d '{"query":{"match":{"address":"Avenue"}}}'

上述查询返回结果是address含有Avenue的结果。

term查询

GET /bank/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "term" : { "address" : "Avenue" }
    }
}

curl:

curl -XGET -H "Content-Type: application/json" "localhost:9200/bank/_search?pretty" -d '{"query":{"term":{"address":"Avenue"}}}'

上述查询返回结果是address等于Avenue的结果。

注:如果一个字段既需要分词搜索,又需要精准匹配,最好是一开始设置mapping的时候就设置正确。例如:通过增加.keyword字段来支持精准匹配:

{
    "type": "text",
    "fields": {
        "keyword": {
            "type": "keyword",
            "ignore_above": 256
        }
    }
}

这样相当于有addressaddress.keyword两个字段。这个后面mapping章节再讲解。

分页(from/size)

分页使用关键字from、size,分别表示偏移量、分页大小。

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": { "match_all": {} },
  "from": 0,
  "size": 2
}

from默认是0,size默认是10。

注意:ES的from、size分页不是真正的分页,称之为浅分页。from+ size不能超过index.max_result_window 默认为10,000 的索引设置。有关 更有效的深度滚动方法,请参阅 ScrollSearch After API

排序(sort)

字段排序关键字是sort。支持升序(asc)、降序(desc)。默认是对_score字段进行排序。

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": { "match_all": {} },
  "sort": [
    { "account_number": "asc" }
  ],
  "from":0,
  "size":10
}

多个字段排序:

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": { "match_all": {} },
  "sort": [
    { "account_number": "asc" },
    { "_score": "asc" }
  ],
  "from":0,
  "size":10
}

先按照account_number排序,再按照_score排序。

按脚本排序

允许基于自定义脚本进行排序,这是一个示例:

GET bank/account/_search
{
    "query": { "range": { "age":  {"gt": 20} }},
    "sort" : {
        "_script" : {
            "type" : "number",
            "script" : {
                "lang": "painless",
                "source": "doc['account_number'].value * params.factor",
                "params" : {
                    "factor" : 1.1
                }
            },
            "order" : "asc"
        }
    }
}

上述查询是使用脚本进行排序:按 account_number*1.1 的结果进行升序。其中lang指的是使用的脚本语言类型为painlesspainless支持Math.log函数。

上述例子仅仅是演示使用方法,没有实际含义。

过滤字段

默认情况下,ES返回所有字段。这被称为源(_source搜索命中中的字段)。如果我们不希望返回所有字段,我们可以只请求返回源中的几个字段。

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": { "match_all": {} },
  "_source": ["account_number", "balance"]
}

通过_source关键字可以实现字段过滤。

返回脚本字段

可以通过脚本动态返回新定义字段。示例:

GET bank/account/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "match_all": {}
    },
    "size":2,
    "script_fields" : {
        "age2" : {
            "script" : {
                "lang": "painless",
                "source": "doc['age'].value * 2"
            }
        },
        "age3" : {
            "script" : {
                "lang": "painless",
                "source": "params['_source']['age'] * params.factor",
                "params" : {
                    "factor"  : 2.0
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

结果:

{
  "took": 2,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1000,
    "max_score": 1,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bank",
        "_type": "account",
        "_id": "25",
        "_score": 1,
        "fields": {
          "age3": [
            78
          ],
          "age2": [
            78
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bank",
        "_type": "account",
        "_id": "44",
        "_score": 1,
        "fields": {
          "age3": [
            74
          ],
          "age2": [
            74
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

注意:使用doc['my_field_name'].value比使用params['_source']['my_field_name']更快更效率,推荐使用。

AND查询

如果我们想同时查询符合A和B字段的结果,该怎么查呢?可以使用must关键字组合。

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        { "match": { "address": "mill" } },
        { "match": { "address": "lane" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}


GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        { "match": { "account_number":136 } },
        { "match": { "address": "lane" } },
        { "match": { "city": "Urie" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

must也等价于:

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        { "match": { "address": "mill" } }
      ],
      "must": [
        { "match": { "address": "lane" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

这种相当于先查询A再查询B,而上面的则是同时查询符合A和B,但结果是一样的,执行效率可能有差异。有知道原因的朋友可以告知。

OR查询

ES使用should关键字来实现OR查询。

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "should": [
        { "match": { "account_number":136 } },
        { "match": { "address": "lane" } },
        { "match": { "city": "Urie" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

AND取反查

must_not关键字实现了既不包含A也不包含B的查询。

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must_not": [
        { "match": { "address": "mill" } },
        { "match": { "address": "lane" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

表示 address 字段需要符合既不包含 mill 也不包含 lane。

布尔组合查询

我们可以组合 must 、should 、must_not、filter 进行复杂的查询。

  • A AND NOT B
GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        { "match": { "age": 40 } }
      ],
      "must_not": [
        { "match": { "state": "ID" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

相当于SQL:

select * from bank where age=40 and state!= "ID";
  • A AND (B OR C)
GET /bank/_search
{
    "query":{
        "bool":{
            "must":[
                {"match":{"age":39}},
                {"bool":{"should":[
                            {"match":{"city":"Nicholson"}},
                            {"match":{"city":"Yardville"}}
                        ]}
                }
            ]
        }
    }
}

相当于SQL:

select * from bank where age=39 and (city="Nicholson" or city="Yardville");

范围查询

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": { "match_all": {} },
      "filter": {
        "range": {
          "balance": {
            "gte": 20000,
            "lte": 30000
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
  • A AND (B OR C) AND (D BETWEEN E, F)
GET /bank/_search
{
    "query":{
        "bool":{
            "must":[
                {"match":{"age":39}},
                {"bool":{"should":[
                            {"match":{"city":"Nicholson"}},
                            {"match":{"city":"Yardville"}}
                        ]}
                },
                {"bool":{"filter": {"range": {
                    "balance": {
                        "gte": 20000,
                        "lte": 30000
                    }}}
                  }
                }
            ]
        }
    }
}

相当于SQL:

select * from bank where age=39 and (city="Nicholson" or city="Yardville") and (balance between 20000 and 30000);

如果仅仅是单字段范围查询,也可以直接省略 must、filter等关键字:

GET /bank/_search
{
    "query":{
        "range":{
            "balance":{
                "gte":20000,
                "lte":30000
            }
        }
    }
}

相当于SQL:

select * from bank where balance between 20000 and 30000;

多字段范围查询:

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": { "match_all": {} },
      "filter": {
        "bool":{
          "must":[
            {"range": {"balance": {"gte": 20000,"lte": 30000}}},
            {"range": {"age": {"gte": 30}}}
            ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

查询字段不存在或者为0的值

GET /bank/doc/_search
{
    "query":{
        "bool":{
            "should":[
                {
                    "term":{"age":0}
                },
                {
                    "bool":{
                        "must_not":[{"exists":{"field":"age"}}]
                    }
                }
            ]
        }
    }
}

高亮结果

ES可以高亮返回结果里的关键字,使用html标记标出。

GET bank/account/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "match": { "address": "Avenue" }
    },
    "from": 0,
    "size": 1,
    "highlight" : {
        "require_field_match": false,
        "fields": {
                "*" : { }
        }
    }
}

输出:

{
  "took": 10,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 214,
    "max_score": 1.5814995,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bank",
        "_type": "account",
        "_id": "102",
        "_score": 1.5814995,
        "_source": {
          "account_number": 102,
          "balance": 29712,
          "firstname": "Dena",
          "lastname": "Olson",
          "age": 27,
          "gender": "F",
          "address": "759 Newkirk Avenue",
          "employer": "Hinway",
          "email": "denaolson@hinway.com",
          "city": "Choctaw",
          "state": "NJ"
        },
        "highlight": {
          "address": [
            "759 Newkirk <em>Avenue</em>"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

返回结果里的highlight部分就是高亮结果,默认使用<em>标出。如果需要修改,可以使用pre_tags设置修改:

"fields": {
    "*" : { "pre_tags" : ["<strong>"], "post_tags" : ["</strong>"] }
}

*代表所有字段都高亮,也可以只高亮具体的字段,直接用具体字段替换*即可。

require_field_match:默认情况下,仅突出显示包含查询匹配的字段。设置require_field_match为false突出显示所有字段。默认为true。详见:https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/6.2/search-request-highlighting.html

聚合查询

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_state": {
      "terms": {
        "field": "state.keyword"
      }
    }
  }
}

结果:

{
  "took": 29,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : 1000,
    "max_score" : 0.0,
    "hits" : [ ]
  },
  "aggregations" : {
    "group_by_state" : {
      "doc_count_error_upper_bound": 20,
      "sum_other_doc_count": 770,
      "buckets" : [ {
        "key" : "ID",
        "doc_count" : 27
      }, {
        "key" : "TX",
        "doc_count" : 27
      }, {
        "key" : "AL",
        "doc_count" : 25
      }, {
        "key" : "MD",
        "doc_count" : 25
      }, {
        "key" : "TN",
        "doc_count" : 23
      }, {
        "key" : "MA",
        "doc_count" : 21
      }, {
        "key" : "NC",
        "doc_count" : 21
      }, {
        "key" : "ND",
        "doc_count" : 21
      }, {
        "key" : "ME",
        "doc_count" : 20
      }, {
        "key" : "MO",
        "doc_count" : 20
      } ]
    }
  }
}

查询结果返回了ID州(Idaho)有27个账户,TX州(Texas)有27个账户。

相当于SQL:

SELECT state, COUNT(*) FROM bank GROUP BY state ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC

该查询意思是按照字段state分组,返回前10个聚合结果。

其中size设置为0意思是不返回文档内容,仅返回聚合结果。state.keyword表示字段精确匹配,因为使用模糊匹配性能很低,所以不支持。

如果需要聚合的时候对某个字段去重,使用cardinality关键字即可:

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_state": {
      "cardinality": {
        "field": "state.keyword"
      }
    }
  }
}

多重聚合

我们可以在聚合的基础上再进行聚合,例如求和、求平均值等等。

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_state": {
      "terms": {
        "field": "state.keyword"
      },
      "aggs": {
        "average_balance": {
          "avg": {
            "field": "balance"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

上述查询实现了在前一个聚合的基础上,按州计算平均帐户余额(同样仅针对按降序排序的前10个州)。

我们可以在聚合中任意嵌套聚合,以从数据中提取所需的统计数据。

在前一个聚合的基础上,我们现在按降序排列平均余额:

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_state": {
      "terms": {
        "field": "state.keyword",
        "order": {
          "average_balance": "desc"
        }
      },
      "aggs": {
        "average_balance": {
          "avg": {
            "field": "balance"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

这里基于第二个聚合结果进行倒序排列。其实上一个例子隐藏了默认排序,也就是默认按照_sort(分值)倒序:

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_state": {
      "terms": {
        "field": "state.keyword",
        "order": {
          "_sort": "desc"
        }
      },
      "aggs": {
        "average_balance": {
          "avg": {
            "field": "balance"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

此示例演示了我们如何按年龄段(20-29岁,30-39岁和40-49岁)进行分组,然后按性别分组,最后得到每个年龄段的平均帐户余额:

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_age": {
      "range": {
        "field": "age",
        "ranges": [
          {
            "from": 20,
            "to": 30
          },
          {
            "from": 30,
            "to": 40
          },
          {
            "from": 40,
            "to": 50
          }
        ]
      },
      "aggs": {
        "group_by_gender": {
          "terms": {
            "field": "gender.keyword"
          },
          "aggs": {
            "average_balance": {
              "avg": {
                "field": "balance"
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

这个结果就复杂了,属于嵌套分组,结果也是嵌套的:

{
  "took": 5,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1000,
    "max_score": 0,
    "hits": []
  },
  "aggregations": {
    "group_by_age": {
      "buckets": [
        {
          "key": "20.0-30.0",
          "from": 20,
          "to": 30,
          "doc_count": 451,
          "group_by_gender": {
            "doc_count_error_upper_bound": 0,
            "sum_other_doc_count": 0,
            "buckets": [
              {
                "key": "M",
                "doc_count": 232,
                "average_balance": {
                  "value": 27374.05172413793
                }
              },
              {
                "key": "F",
                "doc_count": 219,
                "average_balance": {
                  "value": 25341.260273972603
                }
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "key": "30.0-40.0",
          "from": 30,
          "to": 40,
          "doc_count": 504,
          "group_by_gender": {
            "doc_count_error_upper_bound": 0,
            "sum_other_doc_count": 0,
            "buckets": [
              {
                "key": "F",
                "doc_count": 253,
                "average_balance": {
                  "value": 25670.869565217392
                }
              },
              {
                "key": "M",
                "doc_count": 251,
                "average_balance": {
                  "value": 24288.239043824702
                }
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "key": "40.0-50.0",
          "from": 40,
          "to": 50,
          "doc_count": 45,
          "group_by_gender": {
            "doc_count_error_upper_bound": 0,
            "sum_other_doc_count": 0,
            "buckets": [
              {
                "key": "M",
                "doc_count": 24,
                "average_balance": {
                  "value": 26474.958333333332
                }
              },
              {
                "key": "F",
                "doc_count": 21,
                "average_balance": {
                  "value": 27992.571428571428
                }
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

term与match查询

首先大家看下面的例子有什么区别:

已知条件:ES里address171 Putnam Avenue的数据有1条;addressPutnam的数据有0条。index为bank,type为account,文档ID为25。

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
        "match" : {
            "address" : "Putnam"
        }
    }
}

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
        "match" : {
            "address.keyword" : "Putnam"
        }
    }
}

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
        "term" : {
            "address" : "Putnam"
        }
    }
}

结果:
1、第一个能匹配到数据,因为会分词查询。
2、第二个不能匹配到数据,因为不分词的话没有该条数据。
3、结果不确定。需要看实际是怎么分词的。

我们通过下列查询可以知晓该条数据字段address的分词情况:

GET /bank/account/25/_termvectors?fields=address

结果:

{
  "_index": "bank",
  "_type": "account",
  "_id": "25",
  "_version": 1,
  "found": true,
  "took": 0,
  "term_vectors": {
    "address": {
      "field_statistics": {
        "sum_doc_freq": 591,
        "doc_count": 197,
        "sum_ttf": 591
      },
      "terms": {
        "171": {
          "term_freq": 1,
          "tokens": [
            {
              "position": 0,
              "start_offset": 0,
              "end_offset": 3
            }
          ]
        },
        "avenue": {
          "term_freq": 1,
          "tokens": [
            {
              "position": 2,
              "start_offset": 11,
              "end_offset": 17
            }
          ]
        },
        "putnam": {
          "term_freq": 1,
          "tokens": [
            {
              "position": 1,
              "start_offset": 4,
              "end_offset": 10
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

可以看出该条数据字段address一共分了3个词:

171
avenue
putnam

现在可以得出第三个查询的答案:匹配不到!但值改成小写的putnam又能匹配到了!

原因是:

  • term query 查询的是倒排索引中确切的term
  • match query 会对filed进行分词操作,然后再查询

由于Putnam不在分词里(大小写敏感),所以匹配不到。match query先对filed进行分词,也就是分成putnam,再去匹配倒排索引中的term,所以能匹配到。

standard analyzer 分词器分词默认会将大写字母全部转为小写字母。

参考

1、Getting Started | Elasticsearch Reference [6.2] | Elastic
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/6.2/getting-started.html
2、Elasticsearch 5.x 关于term query和match query的认识 - wangchuanfu - 博客园
https://www.cnblogs.com/wangchuanfu/p/7444253.html

posted @ 2018-11-25 11:07  飞鸿影  阅读(2774)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报